tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57743874308876487862024-03-21T21:52:22.731+07:00BREAST CANCER ● With MimiMimihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04614264916816880257noreply@blogger.comBlogger106125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-19072030819137338312022-02-05T05:38:00.021+07:002023-08-29T02:00:42.413+07:00CTCA - Top Questions About Breast Cancer<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRMP0x1uzN5scVH9XzZKUWh2tBbzpWuCIxXzl0-o8hzJPRggvsKMwsLPkYdtumaG6kt4AWzv750QjC_3ooWTpS_lKmZgG2FMhixXVVM0lZvakyNnchvflCqUq7JO_UQ5UE0BJo1Q03VXYf3qlEaF6jV5uXdsqIcin0iymJodwFBuj_r_MHESL_PrDsVCS/s1600/tab-doc.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 0em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRMP0x1uzN5scVH9XzZKUWh2tBbzpWuCIxXzl0-o8hzJPRggvsKMwsLPkYdtumaG6kt4AWzv750QjC_3ooWTpS_lKmZgG2FMhixXVVM0lZvakyNnchvflCqUq7JO_UQ5UE0BJo1Q03VXYf3qlEaF6jV5uXdsqIcin0iymJodwFBuj_r_MHESL_PrDsVCS/s1600/tab-doc.jpg" width="100%"/></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Top questions about breast cancer</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The information on this page was reviewed and approved by</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/physician-directory/maurie-markman" target="_blank">Maurie Markman, MD, President, Medicine & Science at CTCA</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">This page was updated on January 14, 2022.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What you should know about breast cancer</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer" target="_blank">Breast cancer</a> is the most common type of cancer in American women, with the exception of <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/skin-cancer" target="_blank">skin cancer</a>. It accounts for one in three cancers diagnosed in women. Men can develop breast cancer, as well, though it is much less common than in women. If you or a loved one is diagnosed with breast cancer, one of the first things you can do is educate yourself about the disease and available treatment options.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">What is breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer is a common term for a cancerous (malignant) tumor that starts in the cells that line the ducts and/or lobes of the breast. Breast cancer is not one disease; rather it is several diseases that behave differently.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What causes breast cancer?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer’s causes are not exactly clear. Studies have identified numerous risk factors for breast cancer in women, including hormonal, lifestyle and environmental factors that may increase the <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors" target="_blank">risk of breast cancer</a>. Other factors include:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Increasing age</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Personal history of breast cancer</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Early menstruation</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Late menopause</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">A first pregnancy after age 30 or no prior pregnancies</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Use of oral contraceptives</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Family history of breast cancer</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Presence of certain inherited genetic changes</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">History of radiation therapy to the chest</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Long-term use of combined <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/treatment-options/chemotherapy/hormone-therapy" target="_blank">hormone therapy</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Alcohol use</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Obesity after menopause</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">It's unclear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, while others with risk factors never do.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What is <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types/rare-breast-cancer-types/inflammatory-breast-cancer" target="_blank">inflammatory breast cancer</a>?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Considered a rare disease, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) typically forms in the soft tissues, blocking lymph vessels in the breast skin. That's why the breast often becomes firm, tender, itchy, red and warm, from the increase in blood flow and a build-up of white blood cells. IBC differs from other forms of breast cancer, especially in symptoms, prognosis and treatment. The term “inflammatory” is not meant to reflect what's happening inside the breast, only in how the breast appears. When an infection or injury causes the breasts to become inflamed, they often become tender, swollen, red and itchy, but the underlying cause is not inflammation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">Can men get breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Yes, it’s possible for men to get breast cancer. Anyone with breast tissue is capable of developing breast cancer. However, it’s less common, with about one out of every 100 breast cancer cases in the United States developing in men, according to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/men/index.htm" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types/rare-breast-cancer-types/breast-cancer-in-men" target="_blank">Breast cancer in men</a> is most often a type known as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which begins in one of the breast ducts and spreads to other areas of the breast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">When should I begin screening for breast cancer?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends the following early-detection screenings for women at average risk for breast cancer:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Optional <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection/mammography" target="_blank">mammograms</a> beginning at age 40</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Annual mammograms for women ages 45 to 54</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Mammograms every two years for women 55 and older, unless they choose to stick with yearly screenings</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">MRIs and mammograms for some women at high risk of breast cancer</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The ACS also recommends that women know the benefits and potential harms associated with breast cancer screening, as well as how their breasts normally look and feel and report any changes to their doctor right away.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">What type of doctor should I see if I think I have breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">If you think you have breast cancer, you should talk to your primary care physician or OB/GYN. A number of doctors may play a role in your <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments" target="_blank">breast cancer treatment</a>. The following is a list of doctors who may be involved in your care:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Medical oncologist: A physician who has special training in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Surgical oncologist: A doctor who uses surgery to diagnose, stage and treat cancer and manage certain cancer-related symptoms, and who may perform biopsies and other surgical procedures such as removing a lump or a breast</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Radiation oncologist: A physician trained in cancer treatment using radiation to shrink tumors and destroy cancer cells</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What does breast cancer feel like?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Not everyone experiences breast cancer in the same way. You may not feel any pain or changes in your body. On the other hand, you may feel a new lump or mass around the breast area, which is the most common symptom of breast cancer. Some lumps are hard and don’t cause pain, while others may be uncomfortable. (Keep in mind that not all breast lumps or masses are cancer.) Some people may feel inflammation or swelling around the armpit or breast area, or pain in the breast or nipple.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Does breast cancer hurt?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">While breast cancer can sometimes be painful, it doesn’t always cause pain. You may notice discomfort and pain in your breasts and/or nipples, but these symptoms are often be caused by other health conditions, even your monthly menstrual cycle. Sudden pain is also associated with some benign breast conditions, such as mastitis and cysts.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Visually examine and touch your breasts regularly, noting changes in how they appear or feel. If you notice that an area on or near your breast stays painful or seems unusual, see your doctor for answers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/symptoms" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Learn more about breast cancer symptoms</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: x-large;"><b>Questions about breast cancer treatment</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Treatment options for breast cancer depend on many factors, including the type and stage of the disease. Here are the answers to some common questions about breast cancer treatment:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">What treatment options are typically available?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer treatments have two main goals: to destroy as much of the cancer as possible, and to prevent tumors from returning.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Some treatments remove or destroy the disease within the <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2018/05/5-signs-of-breast-cancer-that-arent-a-lump" target="_blank">breast and nearby tissues, such as lymph nodes</a>. These treatments include:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Surgery: Surgical options include a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">mastectomy</a>, which removes the whole breast, and a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">lumpectomy</a>, or breast-conserving surgery that removes only the tumor and the tissues around it. Sentinel node biopsy is a surgical diagnostic technique that removes one or a few of the first draining lymph nodes (glands under the arm) to determine whether cancer cells have spread beyond the breast. Women who have surgery as part of their breast cancer treatment may choose oncoplastic and breast reconstruction surgery to rebuild the shape and look of the breast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Radiation therapy: This conventional technique uses targeted, high-energy radioactive waves to destroy tumors.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Because these treatments often affect the lymph nodes, <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/lymphedema" target="_blank">lymphedema</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"></a>is a common treatment-related side effect for breast cancer patients who receive surgery or radiation therapy. Lymphedema is the buildup of lymphatic fluid under the skin, which often leads to swelling.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The goal of other treatments is to destroy or control cancer cells all over the body. These include:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments/chemotherapy" target="_blank">Chemotherapy</a>, which delivers anti-cancer drugs throughout the body to kill cancer cells</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Hormone therapy, which uses drugs to prevent hormones from fueling the growth of breast cancer cells</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments/targeted-therapy" target="_blank">Targeted therapy</a>, which prompts the body's immune system to destroy cancer</span></li></ol></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy, hormone therapy or targeted therapy treatment along with surgery or radiation in order to kill cancer cells that were left behind by other treatments.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">What are the possible side effects of each treatment option?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer treatments may cause temporary side effects that go away soon after treatment is completed, as well as longer-term side effects that last months or years. Below is a list of the side effects associated with each treatment option.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Surgery: Surgical procedures for breast cancer may cause short-term pain or discomfort in the treated area. Also, the muscles of the arm may feel weak, and the skin in the breast area may feel tight. Surgery involving the lymph nodes may also cause swelling in the arm, a condition known as lymphedema.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Radiation therapy: Many breast cancer patients who undergo radiation therapy experience skin irritation and breast pain. These conditions usually begin within a few weeks of starting treatment and go away on their own within six months after treatment ends. For some patients, however, these symptoms may not develop until several months or years after treatment. Another common radiation-related side effect is fatigue, especially in the later weeks of treatment and for some time afterward.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Chemotherapy: Certain chemotherapy drugs may cause potential side effects like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, nerve damage, sore mouth, diarrhea, constipation and decreased blood counts.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Hormone therapy: Some hormone therapies for breast cancer may cause a wide range of side effects, such as hot flashes; vaginal discharge, dryness and irritation; irregular periods; decreased sex drive; and mood changes. Aromatase inhibitors may also cause joint and muscle pain, as well as an increased risk of bone thinning (osteoporosis).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Targeted therapy: Side effects for HER2-positive targeted therapy drugs are typically mild, but serious side effects are possible and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, mouth sores and rashes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>How can I manage treatment-related side effects?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The side effects of breast cancer treatment may be managed with evidence-informed therapies. The idea is to help you maintain your strength and stamina, so you are better able to stay on your treatment regimens without interruption. Naturopathic support, nutrition therapy, pain management and oncology rehabilitation are some examples of supportive therapies that may help breast cancer patients reduce the impact of cancer treatment side effects.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>How quickly do I need to make a decision about breast cancer treatment?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Treatment for breast cancer generally should start soon after diagnosis, but in most cases, it won’t hurt to wait a few weeks to begin treatment. Even more important than beginning treatment immediately is to understand and evaluate all your treatment options with your care team and loved ones, and then decide what’s best for you.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What if I don’t want cancer treatment?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">No treatment is without some sort of risk. A decision to decline treatment has its own risks, too. Breast cancer patients may refuse their doctors’ treatment recommendations in whole or in part. Palliative care, designed to help control severe side effects such as pain, nausea or other symptoms, may help you manage your quality of life in the meantime.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">Will my breast cancer treatment affect my ability to have a baby?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Women of childbearing age who are being treated for breast cancer may be concerned about the impact on their ability to conceive a child in the future. Treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination of the two may affect fertility.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Chemotherapy may affect the functioning of the ovaries, reducing the number or quality of eggs. These anti-cancer drugs may also cause infertility in women who haven’t started menopause (pre-menopausal). The likelihood of infertility may depend on the type of chemotherapy drugs used, the dose given and your age.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Radiation therapy kills cancer cells by stopping or reducing their growth and division. Because radiation sometimes passes through healthy tissues, organs near the cancer site may be affected, potentially causing temporary or permanent infertility, especially if the radiation was delivered directly to the pelvic region.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">You may want to consider your options for preserving fertility before starting treatment and discuss your questions and concerns with your oncologist.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: x-large;"><b>Questions to ask your medical oncologist</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Asking questions of your oncologist may help you make more informed decisions about your breast cancer treatment. Open communication between patient and doctor is extremely important. Here are the answers to some <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2020/10/questions-breast-cancer-treatments" target="_blank">common questions breast cancer patients should ask</a>:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types" target="_blank">type of breast cancer</a> do I have?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The most <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types/common-breast-cancer-types" target="_blank">common types of breast cancer</a> are:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Invasive lobular carcinoma: This disease, accounting for one in 10 breast cancers, begins in the lobules, or the glands of the breast that make milk.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types/common-breast-cancer-types/invasive-ductal-carcinoma" target="_blank">Invasive ductal carcinoma</a>: This cancer, accounting for about eight in 10 breast cancers, begins in the breast’s milk ducts, the thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Is my cancer invasive or noninvasive?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">A tumor is an abnormal growth that may be benign or malignant. Benign breast tumors are not life-threatening and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant breast tumors are cancers that impact your health and may spread to other parts of the body. A malignant tumor that grows into surrounding tissue is considered invasive. Invasive tumors are more likely to spread to other parts of the body than non-invasive tumors. Non-invasive breast cancer cells remain in a particular area of the breast without spreading to surrounding tissue, lobules or ducts.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">What stage is my cancer and what does it mean?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/stages" target="_blank">Breast cancer staging</a> is a way to describe the severity or extent of your cancer. Knowing the cancer stage will help your care team recommend a personalized treatment plan specific to your disease. Breast cancer diagnosed as stage 1 or stage 2 is considered early stage, while stages 3 and 4 are considered advanced.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What size is my tumor and why does that matter?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Treatment options for breast cancer partly depend on how small or large your tumor is, if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and if the cancer is found in other parts of your body. The larger the tumor, the more likely it is that the breast cancer is lymph node-positive, meaning the axillary lymph nodes contain cancer. Sentinel node biopsy is the most common way to determine whether cancer cells have spread beyond the breast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">How much experience do you have treating my type and stage of breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Oncologists who are experienced in not only treating breast cancer but in your specific type of breast cancer are typically better equipped to explain and deliver the full range of treatment options. You should feel comfortable asking your doctor about his or her experience. Doctors and the hospitals they may work for are not required by law to publish the survival rates of the patients they treat, but some choose to do so. Others may be willing to provide these statistics upon request.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Should I get a second opinion?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">A <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/become-a-patient/second-opinions" target="_blank">second opinion </a>may confirm your original diagnosis and treatment plan, provide more details about the type and <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/stages" target="_blank">stage of your breast cancer</a>, raise additional treatment options not considered, or lead to a recommendation for a different course of action. A second opinion may also help you feel more confident in your treatment decisions and help you find a doctor you feel comfortable with.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Has the cancer spread to my lymph nodes or other organs?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Cancer may spread from the site where it originated to other parts of the body. When cancer cells move away from a tumor, they may travel through the bloodstream to distant organs. If they travel through the lymph system, the cancer cells may end up in lymph nodes. The lymph nodes in the underarm are the first-place breast cancer is most likely to spread. Your doctor may perform a biopsy to check for the presence of cancer cells. The sample is examined by a pathologist who checks the nodes under a microscope. That exam determines lymph node status.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The spread of cancer to another part of the body is called metastasis. If breast cancer has metastasized to other areas of the body, it is categorized as stage 4 breast cancer. Typically, breast cancer metastasizes primarily to the lungs, liver, brain, regional lymph nodes and bone.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Were HER2 tests performed on my tissue sample?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">HER2 (which stands for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) is a type of growth signal receptor, or antenna that may be present on your breast cancer cells. About 25 percent of breast cancers are HER2-positive, meaning the cancer cells make too much of a protein called HER2/neu, which indicates that the cancer may be more aggressive. If your cancer is HER2-positive, this helps doctors better predict whether the cancer may respond to certain targeted therapies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Should I consider participating in a clinical trial?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer treatment has improved tremendously over the years, thanks to advances made possible because of patients who have been willing to participate in studies exploring treatment options, drug protocols or other approaches before they can be granted federal approval. These <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/clinical-trials" target="_blank">clinical trials</a> may offer participants new treatment options that may have otherwise been unavailable to them, especially after exhausting conventional treatments. If you qualify for such a trial, ask your doctor about any concerns or questions you may have about participating, so that you may determine if it’s a good fit for you.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Should I consider genetic testing?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/treatment-options/precision-medicine/genetic-testing" target="_blank">Genetic testing</a> may help determine if your cancer resulted from an inherited gene mutation. <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/treatment-options/precision-medicine/genetic-testing" target="_blank">Genetic counseling</a> may help you understand the risks, benefits and limitations of genetic testing in certain situations. A genetic counselor, doctor or other health care professional trained in genetics may help you and your family understand your test results and other findings, such as a genetic risk factor for another disease like diabetes or heart conditions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: x-large;"><b>Questions for your breast cancer surgeon</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Asking questions of your breast cancer surgeon may help you make more informed decisions about your care plan. Here are answers to some common questions breast cancer patients should ask their surgeons:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What are the different options for surgery?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Surgery is the most common treatment for breast cancer. Procedures may include:</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Mastectomy: This surgery removes one or both breasts, including the breast tissue, nipple, areola and skin.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Lumpectomy: Also known as breast-conserving surgery, this operation removes only the cancerous breast tissue while leaving as much healthy tissue as possible. A lumpectomy is not an option for every breast cancer patient.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Sentinel node biopsy: This is the removal of one or a few of the first draining lymph nodes (glands under the arm) to determine whether cancer cells have spread beyond the breast.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Oncoplastic and breast reconstruction surgery: This reconstructive technique reshapes the breast and also may be used to prevent scarring and deformation of the breast.</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Which surgical option do you recommend? Why?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">To determine which surgical approach may address your needs and treatment goals, your surgical oncologist may rely on information from the radiologist, who reads imaging tests; the pathologist, who interprets the biopsy results; the radiation oncologist, who works with the surgeon to plan radiation treatment either during or immediately after surgery; and the medical oncologist, to predict how preoperative drug treatment may help reduce the size of the tumor. Depending on the biology and genetics of the tumor, your care team may recommend chemotherapy before or after surgery.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What are the potential side effects of breast cancer surgery?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments/surgery" target="_blank">Surgical procedures for breast cancer</a> may cause short-term pain or discomfort in the treated area. Also, the muscles of the arm may feel weak, and the skin in the breast area may feel tight. Surgery involving the lymph nodes may also cause swelling in the arm, a condition known as lymphedema.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>How long will I be in the hospital?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">If a lumpectomy is performed, patients typically leave the hospital the same day as the surgery. In the case of a mastectomy, patients are more likely to stay in the hospital overnight.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Will my breast(s) look or feel differently after surgery?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">After a lumpectomy, or breast-sparing surgery, your breast may look much like it did before the operation. But if the tumor was large, your breast may look different or smaller. You will likely develop a scar at the site of the lumpectomy. You may also likely develop numbness along the scar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">If lymph nodes in the underarm area are removed during surgery, you may experience some numbness in your arm. As your body continues to adjust to the effects of surgery, you may develop phantom sensations or phantom pain in the breast that has been removed. Those pains are more likely to develop if you experienced breast pain before your mastectomy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">After reconstructive surgery, you will have a breast-like shape, but your breast will likely not look or feel like it did before your mastectomy. You will have scars where the surgeon attached skin to make the new breast-like shape. If you have tissue flap reconstruction, you will have scars around the new breast and the area where the surgeon removed the muscle, fat and skin transferred for the reconstruction. Although surgery leaves scars, some may fade somewhat over time.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What is breast reconstruction?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast reconstruction may help restore the look and feel of the breast after a mastectomy. Many women who have had a breast removed opt for breast reconstruction—in some limited cases, at the same time as the mastectomy, but more often after the mastectomy procedure. With immediate reconstruction, a surgeon performs the first stage to rebuild the breast during the same operation as the mastectomy. A method called skin-sparing mastectomy may be used to save enough breast skin to cover the reconstruction.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breasts may be rebuilt using saline implants or autologous tissue (the patient’s own tissue from elsewhere in the body). Most breast reconstructions performed today use <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments/surgery/breast-implant-options" target="_blank">breast implants</a>. For some reconstructions, more than one surgery may be needed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Mastectomy with reconstruction done on the same day is an option for many women, but the best approach for an individual should be determined through a discussion of various options between the patient and her surgeon.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The decision to have reconstruction is a personal one. Some women choose not to have reconstruction. Others believe it helps their appearance and recovery.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>After my breast cancer surgery, will I need radiation or chemotherapy or both?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The stage of breast cancer helps determine which treatment regimen your oncologist will recommend. After breast-sparing surgery, radiation treatments may be used to help destroy remaining breast cancer cells. <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments/radiation-therapy" target="_blank">Radiation therapy for breast cancer </a>is typically given after surgery to lower the chance of a <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-recurrence" target="_blank">cancer recurrence</a>. Adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy may be used after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells not killed during surgery.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: x-large;"><b>Questions for your radiation oncologist</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What is radiation therapy?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Radiation therapy uses targeted energy like X-rays to kill cancer cells. If a breast tumor is large or not easily removed by surgery, radiation therapy before surgery may be recommended to help shrink the tumor. When used for breast cancer treatment, radiation is delivered to the affected breast and, in some cases, to the lymph nodes under the arm or at the collarbone.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>Radiation therapy is delivered in two main ways:</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/treatment-options/radiation-therapy/external-beam-radiation" target="_blank">External beam radiation</a>: This standard type of radiation therapy directs high-energy beams from a machine outside the body to cancerous cells within the body. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), intraoperative radiation therapy (IGRT), TomoTherapy® and stereotactic radiosurgery are all forms of radiation therapy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>What is the goal of this treatment?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Radiation therapy for breast cancer is typically given after a lumpectomy and sometimes after a mastectomy to decrease the risk of local cancer recurrence. The treatments typically start several weeks after surgery so the area has time to heal. Radiation therapy may be used:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">As a primary treatment to destroy cancer cells</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Before another treatment to shrink a tumor</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">After another treatment to stop the growth of any remaining cancer cells</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">In combination with other treatments to stop cancer cell growth</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">To relieve symptoms of advanced cancer</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">How often will I receive radiation therapy?</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Typical courses of radiation treatment are administered five times a week for about six weeks, though the total duration depends on a number of factors including the patient’s general health and medical history and the risk of cancer recurrence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">What are the potential side effects of this treatment?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Many people who undergo radiation therapy for breast cancer have some breast pain and skin irritation. The affected skin may eventually become red and swollen like a sunburn. These conditions typically begin within a few weeks of starting treatment and go away on their own within six months after treatment ends. For some patients, these symptoms may not occur until several months or years after treatment. Other common side effects include fatigue, especially in the later weeks of treatment and for some time afterward, and firmness or shrinkage of the breast. Women who have had radiation therapy to the lymph nodes in the underarm area may develop lymphedema, a condition in which fluid collects in the arm, causing it to swell.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;"><b>How can I ease the side effects?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Your care team may offer various supportive care techniques to help ease the side effects associated with radiation therapy for breast cancer. <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/pain-management" target="_blank">Pain management</a> and oncology rehabilitation may help with skin pain and soreness and lymphedema management. Naturopathic support, <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/nutritional-support" target="_blank">nutrition therapy</a>, <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/oncology-rehabilitation" target="_blank">oncology rehabilitation</a> and <a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/behavioral-health" target="_blank">mind-body medicine</a> may help relieve fatigue.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: large;">What is the difference between radiation and chemotherapy?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Chemotherapy involves medications delivered by injections or taken in pill form. This type of treatment is circulated throughout the entire body and is generally prescribed by a medical oncologist. Radiation therapy, delivered by a radiation oncologist, uses radiotherapy beams focused on a very specific area of the body in order to deliver high doses of the treatment while reducing the risk of radiation exposure to healthy tissue.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Next topic: What are the facts about breast cancer?</span></a></div>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-90043380296117791232021-05-06T04:01:00.026+07:002023-08-29T01:59:40.920+07:00Questions to ask about your breast cancer<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd_YQM5ffbpA-jRNn5MJWi4zX5UEYYWF415S1T4-leaavM_IoVJTrBAFoFOnXCMFccsT2N38EPLc-J3y2_OVXF-QCkSEqcRrf7SSg74r9TVQzq3LVY32sYb4AhC_aj4Em4d-EmOwl2JsqEdXuKSq1_RWeQvGuwnKSeM5_iz5VqF5c18mvk1Qyhlp1hnqrx/s1600/female%20doctors%20checking.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 0em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd_YQM5ffbpA-jRNn5MJWi4zX5UEYYWF415S1T4-leaavM_IoVJTrBAFoFOnXCMFccsT2N38EPLc-J3y2_OVXF-QCkSEqcRrf7SSg74r9TVQzq3LVY32sYb4AhC_aj4Em4d-EmOwl2JsqEdXuKSq1_RWeQvGuwnKSeM5_iz5VqF5c18mvk1Qyhlp1hnqrx/s1600/female%20doctors%20checking.jpg" width="100%"/></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">A. Questions about your diagnosis</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you’ve been diagnosed with breast cancer, you may want to learn everything you can about your cancer, or you may want information a bit at a time.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Don’t be afraid to ask questions of your specialist, breast care nurse or anyone else in your treatment team.</li><li>It may take a while for them to gather all the details of your diagnosis while different tests and investigations are carried out.</li><li>You may get bits of information as you go along and sometimes this information can change.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">What type of breast cancer do I have?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are many different <a href="https://breastcancernow.org/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/diagnosed-breast-cancer/primary-breast-cancer">types of breast cancer</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>How big is the cancer? Is there more than one area?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The <a href="https://breastcancernow.org/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/diagnosed-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-size">size</a> of your cancer may affect the type of operation you have, and whether you need other treatments as well.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">How quickly is the cancer growing?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Breast cancers are given a <a href="https://breastcancernow.org/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/diagnosed-breast-cancer/cancer-grade">grade</a> according to how different the cancer cells are to normal breast cells and how quickly they are growing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Are there cancer cells in the lymph or blood vessels?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Breasts contain blood vessels and other tiny tubes called lymph vessels. If breast cancer cells spread into these vessels, it’s called lympho-vascular invasion. This increases the chances of the breast cancer spreading to somewhere else in the body.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">People with lympho-vascular invasion may be offered treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Has the cancer spread to the lymph nodes under the arm?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Breast cancer can be found when it’s only inside the breast or sometimes when it has spread from your breast to the glands under your arm. The glands under your arm are called lymph nodes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Are hormones helping my cancer to grow?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sometimes hormones in your body can help the cancer to grow. This is known as <a href="https://breastcancernow.org/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/diagnosed-breast-cancer/hormone-receptors-breast-cancer">oestrogen receptor positive</a> breast cancer.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Is my cancer HER2 positive or negative?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sometimes breast cancer cells have a higher than normal level of a protein called <a href="https://breastcancernow.org/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/diagnosed-breast-cancer/her2">HER2</a> on their surface, which helps them to grow.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Will I have any more tests?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Your treatment team may do other tests on the cancer. They will explain what the tests are and why they would like you to have them.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>B. Questions about your treatment</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Questions you might want to ask about your <a href="https://breastcancernow.org/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/going-through-breast-cancer-treatment">treatment</a> include:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Why is this the best treatment for me?</li><li>When will treatment start?</li><li>How long will my treatment take?</li><li>What are the possible side effects?</li><li>How will the treatment affect my everyday life?</li><li>Where will I need to go for treatment?</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>C. Preparing for your appointments</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Write your questions down</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It may help to write a list of questions and things you want to discuss, including information about how you’re feeling physically and emotionally.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Take someone along</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">You may feel overwhelmed with a lot of new information. It can be useful to take someone with you to appointments who can listen and help you remember what was said. Some people ask if they can use their phone to record the information.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It can be helpful to talk to your supporter afterwards and discuss any decisions you have been asked to make about your care.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">You may also find it useful to take notes during your appointment.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Say what you want to say</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It helps healthcare professionals to care for you if they know what your concerns are and what information you would like. Don’t be afraid to say what’s on your mind.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Make sure you get the answers to your questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Healthcare professionals know it’s important for your wellbeing to have your questions answered.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you don’t feel you have had an answer to your question, ask again.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sometimes it’s not possible to give a definite answer, but your treatment team should be able to explain why if this is the case.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>If you have any questions you feel have not been answered, or would like to talk through any concerns, call our Helpline on 0808 800 6000.</blockquote></div><p></p>
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</style> NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-49102963682653566122020-08-06T04:32:00.027+07:002023-08-29T06:23:16.027+07:00Questions to ask your health care team<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8kiVV7NuB_5ONFAaHaINlIRcPyblY0A9QeELHH2DblOKxbYwr9dze187wKI8qOfM61NitQlSvXp7IP2ihvwBHF5fbyNGL2b0yc_ssvHV3SwcOKdV4T6PxUx0tXM3NiN_y5TPed4pXcCCMUFulfu91rJd3SCkcShL4asGZ4b8xmWyuFf6v9itQL9dZs8E0/s1600/FAQ-L.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 0em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8kiVV7NuB_5ONFAaHaINlIRcPyblY0A9QeELHH2DblOKxbYwr9dze187wKI8qOfM61NitQlSvXp7IP2ihvwBHF5fbyNGL2b0yc_ssvHV3SwcOKdV4T6PxUx0tXM3NiN_y5TPed4pXcCCMUFulfu91rJd3SCkcShL4asGZ4b8xmWyuFf6v9itQL9dZs8E0/s1600/FAQ-L.jpg"/></a></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"> </span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">Approved by the</span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://www.cancer.net/about-us/cancernet-editorial-board" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif; font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Cancer.Net Editorial Board</a><span face="Arial, Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif" style="font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">, 07/2020</span></p><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-items" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ON THIS PAGE:</span> You will find some questions to ask your doctor or other members of the health care team, to help you better understand your diagnosis, treatment plan, and overall care. Use the menu to see other pages.</p></div></div></div><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.cancer.net/node/24958" style="background: 0px 0px; font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Talking often with the health care team is important</a> to make informed decisions about your health care. These suggested questions are a starting point to help you learn more about your cancer care and treatment. You are also encouraged to ask additional questions that are important to you. You may want to print this list and bring it to your next appointment. You can also <a href="https://www.cancer.net/node/29951" style="background: 0px 0px; font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">download Cancer.Net’s free mobile app</a> for a digital list and other interactive tools to manage your care. It may also be helpful to ask a family member or friend to come with you to appointments to help take notes.</span></p><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0px auto 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask after getting a diagnosis</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Is there enough information to recommend a treatment plan for me? If not, which tests or procedures will be needed? Will I need to see other doctors?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are my treatment plan options?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What treatment plan do you recommend? Why?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Whom would you recommend for a second opinion?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When do I need to make a treatment decision?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Who will be part of my health care team, and what does each member do?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Who will lead my overall treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the goal of each treatment? Is it to eliminate the cancer, help me feel better, or both?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What can I do to get ready for treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I am worried about managing the costs of cancer care, who can help me? Who can help me understand what aspects of my care are covered by my insurance?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I have questions or problems, who should I call?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you communicate with your patients by email or with an electronic health record system?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If have a strong family history of cancer, what is my chance of getting another cancer? How does that change my treatment options? Should I see a genetic counselor?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you have a social worker I can speak with?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What should I tell my employer, if anything, and what laws protect my rights as an employee?</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-size: 16.002px;"><br /></span></span><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0px auto 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask your breast surgeon before your first surgery</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Are you board-certified?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you specialize in this type of surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How many operations like the one I am considering have you performed?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need any other tests before this surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Am I a candidate for a lumpectomy?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need a mastectomy? Is reconstruction (plastic surgery) an option for me? What are the advantages and disadvantages? Is it possible to avoid removing my nipple and areola?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do the lymph nodes in my underarm need to be removed?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is a sentinel lymph node biopsy? What are the benefits and risks? Would you recommend it for me?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the risk of lymphedema with a sentinel lymph node biopsy? With axillary lymph node dissection?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the benefit of having more lymph nodes removed?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the side effects of these procedures? Can they be prevented or minimized?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Should I consider chemotherapy before surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need radiation therapy after surgery? Does this affect my reconstruction options?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When do I need to make a decision about surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What should I do to get ready for the operation? Do you have recommendations on how to help me relax before surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What medications and supplements should I stop taking? Should I stop taking hormone replacement therapy? What about birth control pills?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will you describe exactly what you will do during this operation, and why?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will my tumor be saved? Where will it be stored? For how long? How can it be accessed in the future?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the potential risks and side effects of this operation? What can be done to ease side effects following surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Does the hospital offer programs that help aid healing?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What can I expect regarding the operation?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need to be admitted to a hospital for this operation? If so, how long will I stay in the hospital?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How long will my surgery take?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What type of anesthesia will I need for this operation?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How long do I have to wait for my preoperative test results? Do I call you, or does your office call me?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will a pathologist examine the tissue and write a report? Who will explain that report to me?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the possible complications for this type of surgery? How would I know if there is a problem?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How long will it take me to recover after the surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When can I return to work and other daily activities?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I have stitches, staples, and/or bandages?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will there be permanent effects from the surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Where will the scar be, and what will it look like?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What type of clothes should I bring to go home in? Will I need a special type of bra?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Are there instructions or post-operative care pamphlets I can take home with me? When can I shower or bathe?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need to have surgical drains? What does this mean? How long will the surgical drains be in?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need a nurse to visit my home after surgery? How is this arranged?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When will I need to return for a follow-up appointment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need help at home after the surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What kind of pain will I be in afterwards? Can you help me manage my pain?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When should I call your office if I experience any side effects?</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-size: 16.002px;"><br /></span></span><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0px auto 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask your breast surgeon after your first surgery</span></h3><ul style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px 1.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What type of breast cancer do I have?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the size of the tumor?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the grade and stage of this disease? What are my biomarkers? What do these mean?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the chances that the breast cancer will return?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Can you explain my pathology report (laboratory test results) to me?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Can I get a copy of my pathology report? How and when can I get these results?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Was all of the cancer removed during the surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need to take further medication after surgery even if all of the cancer was removed? If so, why?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How many lymph nodes were removed?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Has the cancer spread to any of the lymph nodes? If so, how many? Has the cancer spread to anywhere else in my body?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need additional surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I have a mastectomy without reconstruction, where can I get a prosthesis? Is this covered by my insurance?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will my arm be affected by surgery? For how long? Will I need physical therapy for my arm?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When will I be able to work and/or return to my normal routine? Are there any activities I should avoid?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Who should I contact about any side effects I experience? And how soon?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will my surgeon communicate with my medical oncologist or radiation oncologist?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you recommend any genetic testing of the tumor?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask your medical oncologist</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the hormone status of my tumor? What does this mean?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is my HER2 status? What does this mean?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you recommend any genomic testing of the tumor? What about tests to predict the risk of recurrence? If so, which one and why?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What do the results of these tests mean?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you share electronic records with my surgeon?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need more tests to find out if there is cancer anywhere else in my body?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you recommend genetic testing and seeing a genetic counselor?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need other treatment, such as chemotherapy or hormonal therapy?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is chemotherapy? What is hormonal (endocrine) therapy? What is targeted therapy? What is immunotherapy?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are my treatment options?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What clinical trials are available for me? Where are they located, and how do I find out more about them?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How will each treatment option benefit me? What are the risks?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the expected timeline for each treatment option?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What treatment plan do you recommend for me? Why?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When do I need to make a decision about starting additional treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Should I consider my family’s history of breast cancer in making my decision about treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How does having reached (or not reached) menopause affect my treatment options?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is my prognosis?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What can I do to get ready for this treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Should I bring someone with me to my chemotherapy treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the potential side effects of each treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Who should I contact about any side effects I experience? And how soon?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I lose my hair, and can I do anything to prevent hair loss?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What can be done to ease side effects?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How will this treatment affect my daily life? Will I be able to work, exercise, and perform my usual activities?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will this treatment affect my sex life? If so, how and for how long? Is there anything I can do to prevent or treat these effects?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will this treatment affect my ability to have children (fertility)? Should I talk with a fertility specialist before treatment begins? Are there other treatments available that do not pose as high a risk to my fertility but are equally effective?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How much time do I have before I have to start additional treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Can I become pregnant while receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy? What happens if I become pregnant during treatment? Is there a risk of birth defects and/or harm to the fetus and/or to me?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How long should I wait after cancer treatment before trying to have a child?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What lifestyle changes should I consider making during my treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do you recommend any nutritional supplements or changes to my diet?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Is there any risk if I take herbal supplements during my treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I have a strong family history of cancer, what is my chance of getting another cancer?</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-size: 16.002px;"><br /></span></span><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0px auto 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask your radiation oncologist</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the goal of this treatment? Is it to eliminate the cancer?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the chances that this treatment will prevent the cancer from coming back?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If the cancer comes back, can I get radiation therapy again?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How often will I receive radiation therapy?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Are there alternatives to the recommended treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How much time will each treatment take?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Can I bring someone with me to treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will each treatment be the same? Does the radiation dose or area treated change throughout the period of treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What can I do to get ready for this treatment? Are there recommendations on what clothes to wear or leave behind?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How will this treatment affect my daily life? Will I be able to work, exercise, and perform my usual activities?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will you describe what I will experience when I receive radiation therapy? Will it hurt or cause me discomfort during the treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the potential side effects of this treatment? How can I ease side effects?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Who should I contact about any side effects I experience? And how soon?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How will my skin be affected during radiation therapy? What skin products can I use each day?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need to be concerned about sun exposure?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Should I avoid certain foods, vitamins, or supplements?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Should I avoid using deodorant or antiperspirant during treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the possible long-term effects of this treatment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I decide to have reconstructive surgery, how would that affect my treatment plan?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will this treatment affect my fertility?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Are there special services for patients receiving radiation therapy, such as certain parking spaces or parking rates?</span></li></ul><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0px auto 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask your plastic surgeon</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Are you board-certified? Is breast reconstruction your specialty?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How many breast reconstruction surgeries do you perform in a year?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What should I consider before deciding to have breast reconstruction?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What types of breast reconstruction options are available to me?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When can I have my reconstruction?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need surgery to the non-reconstructed breast to make the breasts match?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need to coordinate this with my breast surgeon?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I have radiation therapy, does that change my options for reconstruction?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are tissue expanders, and will I need them?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the advantages and disadvantages of each reconstruction option? Does it matter if I sleep on my stomach? Will it be uncomfortable?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Which type of implants do you recommend (saline or silicone), and why? What size?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If you use tissue from another part of my body to rebuild my breast(s), where do you recommend it be taken from, and why?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I have a mastectomy with implant reconstruction, can I also have a nipple reconstruction? If so, when?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the costs involved with breast reconstruction? What is covered by my insurance? Is surgery on the non-reconstructed breast covered by insurance?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How long will the surgery take?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What do I need to do to prepare for the surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What type of anesthesia will I need for this operation?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What can I expect after the operation?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How long will I stay in the hospital?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the possible complications for this type of surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How long will it take me to recover?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When can I resume my normal activities, including exercise?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need to have surgical drains? What does this mean?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I have stitches, staples, and/or bandages?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will there be a scar or other permanent effects from the surgery?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Are there instructions or post-operative care pamphlets I can take home with me?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">When will I need to return for a follow-up appointment?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What type of results can I expect?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Are there photographs of reconstructed breasts that I can view?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How will the reconstructed breast feel to the touch?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What type of sensation (feeling) will the reconstructed breast have?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What changes to the reconstructed breast can I expect over time?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Will I need to have surgery again in the future (for example, to replace implants over time)?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Do I need mammograms or MRI tests after a breast reconstruction?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What can I expect if my weight changes?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What if I become pregnant in the future?</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-size: 16.002px;"><br /></span></span><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0px auto 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask your fertility specialist</span></h3><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">If you are a young woman with early-stage or locally advanced breast cancer and you are concerned about your ability to have children in the future, you are encouraged to talk with a fertility specialist (in addition to the doctors listed above). You should have this discussion as soon as possible after your diagnosis and before cancer treatment begins. Recommendations from the fertility specialist should always be discussed with your oncologist as well before starting any fertility-related efforts.</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How often do you advise people with cancer?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are my options to preserve my fertility?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How well does each option work?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What are the costs involved with my options to preserve fertility? What is covered by my insurance?</span></li></ul><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.net/node/29096" style="background: 0px 0px; font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">preserving fertility before cancer treatment</a>.</span></p><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0px auto 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Questions to ask about planning follow-up care</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What is the chance that the cancer will come back? Should I watch for specific signs or symptoms?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What long-term side effects or late effects are possible based on the cancer treatment I received?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">After my treatment has ended, what will my follow-up care plan be?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How often will I need to see a doctor?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">If I move or need to switch doctors, how do I make sure to continue my recommended follow-up care schedule?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What follow-up tests will I need, and how often will those tests be needed?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Can I get copies of my laboratory test results?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">How do I get a treatment summary and survivorship care plan to keep in my personal records?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">Who will lead my follow-up care?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.002px; text-align: justify;">What survivorship support services are available to me? To my family?</span></li></ul><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><em style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></em></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><em style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></em></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><em style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The </em><a href="https://www.cancer.net/node/18632" style="background: 0px 0px; font-size: 16.002px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><em style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">next section in this guide is Additional Resources</em></a><em style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. It offers more resources on this website that may be helpful to you. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide.</em></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><em style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16.002px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></em></span><p></p>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-59905690340044451252020-07-20T02:57:00.064+07:002023-08-29T06:41:06.087+07:00Ten common questions about breast cancer<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgjJEYCWPkOcjjAQYkw46u-dIFEJEYxXhQ7J-pz8rwGk5cdqSvcHdZSyVkX1xsImBqPdxVmo4PHshRPYDWCAuR5d4Gi9dMKqmiZnbdMA5LRq-nGqFrcmGS_3d8kQWcMKFDHWoVdeFXyrgGyVVi3GCPQs80sDYzg3N5rpiNqbBTOfuB92AdmZSETQ1e3LA=w1005-rw" style="display: block; padding: 0em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgjJEYCWPkOcjjAQYkw46u-dIFEJEYxXhQ7J-pz8rwGk5cdqSvcHdZSyVkX1xsImBqPdxVmo4PHshRPYDWCAuR5d4Gi9dMKqmiZnbdMA5LRq-nGqFrcmGS_3d8kQWcMKFDHWoVdeFXyrgGyVVi3GCPQs80sDYzg3N5rpiNqbBTOfuB92AdmZSETQ1e3LA=w1005-rw" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">By <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/pam-stephan-4845658" target="_blank">Pam Stephan</a> - <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/breast-cancer-common-questions-430435" target="_blank">Verywell Health</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Updated on May 13, 2020</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Medically reviewed by <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/doru-paul-md-4685033" target="_blank">Doru Paul, MD</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">To get answers to 10 commonly-asked questions about breast cancer, I asked Dr. William Gradishar, an oncologist at Feinberg School Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago. He addresses concerns about the possible causes of breast cancer and gives information about treatment.1</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">1. Does using birth control pills cause breast cancer?</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">A: There appears to be no clear increase between the use of birth control pills and increased breast cancer risk.<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;">[2]</span> Though birth control pills do contain certain hormones, the amounts are small. As every woman and case of breast cancer is different, women should talk with their healthcare providers about their <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/breast-cancer-causes-513575" target="_blank">personal risk factors for breast cancer</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">2. Can eating certain foods cause breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: Several large studies looking at the link between <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/do-organic-fruits-and-vegetables-prevent-cancer-514040" target="_blank">foods and breast cancer</a> have been conducted. To date, a link between foods and breast cancer has not been identified. A few studies have found a possible link between fat and breast cancer, but further research needs to be completed.<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;">[3]</span> As a general rule of thumb, the best practice is to eat a <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/diet-and-breast-cancer-risk-430445" target="_blank">healthy diet</a> rich in lean proteins, whole grains and fibrous fruits and vegetables. Most importantly, please talk to your healthcare provider before beginning any diet or nutrition regiment.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">3. Do all antiperspirants cause breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: Antiperspirants do not appear to be a cause of breast cancer.<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;">[4]</span> Recent rumors have circulated claiming that the body needs to purge toxins by sweating through the armpits and that if an antiperspirant is used, the body will store those toxins in the lymph nodes below the arm, causing breast cancer. These claims are not true; the body does not release toxins through underarm sweat. Sweat found in the underarm area is made up of 99.9% water, sodium, potassium and magnesium.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>4. Can an injury to my breast develop into breast cancer?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: Injury to the breast does not cause breast cancer. In some cases, the breast may become bruised after an injury and, in rare cases, develop a <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/breast-fat-necrosis-430691" target="_blank">noncancerous lump called fat necrosis</a>. Fat necrosis is not dangerous, and the symptoms usually subside within a month. If you have a lump in your breast and are concerned that it may be breast cancer, consult with your healthcare provider immediately.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>5. Will wearing underwire bras cause breast cancer?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: Wearing an underwire bra will not cause breast cancer.<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;">[5]</span> A popular book published in 1995 suggested that underwire bras constrict the body's lymph node system, causing breast cancer. This claim is inaccurate. No studies have found a link between select undergarments and breast cancer.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">6. Do mammograms cause breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: No, mammograms do not cause breast cancer. In fact, the American Cancer Society recommends that women over 40 or 44 years of age have a mammogram every year until age 55, then every 2 years.<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;">[6]</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-disease-4014709" target="_blank">Mammograms</a> use low levels of radiation that are determined to be safe by the American College of Radiology. Mammograms are an excellent tool for detecting breast cancer at an early stage, and early detection is essential in reducing the number of women who develop stage IV, also known as <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/metastatic-breast-cancer-prognosis-4778830" target="_blank">metastatic breast cancer</a>. As every woman and case of breast cancer is different, women should talk with their healthcare providers about their personal risk factors for breast cancer. In some cases, women with a high risk of breast cancer should have a mammogram before the age of 40.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">7. If I have fibrocystic breasts, am I at higher risk for breast cancer?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: About 50 percent of women will be affected by fibrocystic breast condition at some point in their lives.<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;">[7]</span> Fibrocystic breasts are common and noncancerous. Fibrocystic breasts are not a risk factor for breast cancer. They do make detection with standard imaging and exam techniques more difficult, but not impossible.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">8. Will surgery to remove a breast cause the cancer to spread?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: When breast cancer spreads, it is said to have metastasized. No one knows what causes breast cancer to metastasize, but there is no link between the surgical removal of a breast and the spread of breast cancer.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Metastatic breast cancer is the most advanced stage of breast cancer. There are various treatment options available today for women with this disease -- including chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and targeted therapy -- which continue to play a central role in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. It is important that women with this disease speak with their healthcare providers about their treatment options.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">9. Does breast cancer affect only post-menopausal women?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: No, women of all ages can develop breast cancer. A woman's risk of developing breast cancer does increase as she ages, making it important for all women 40 and older to have an annual mammogram. The American Cancer Society says that breast self-exams are optional for women over 20, but recommends that women be familiar with how their breasts normally look and feel. Women should report any new breast changes to their healthcare provider as soon as they are found. Early detection is important in increasing survival and reducing the chances of the cancer metastasizing (spreading).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">10. Can I get breast cancer if it doesn't run in my family?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A: A family history of breast cancer does increase risk; however, more than 80% of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer do not have identifiable <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/breast-cancer-causes-513575" target="_blank">risk factors</a> for breast cancer, like a family history.<span style="color: #ea9999; font-size: x-small;">[8]</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ea9999; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ea9999; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="200" src="https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/m403qBHpJ90z10xpCrYIPQB8_6Q=/175x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Gradishar2006-56a0b6915f9b58eba4b30c87.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Dr. William Gradishar. Northwestern University" width="175" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption"><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Dr. William Gradishar</b></div><div style="text-align: center;">Northwestern University</div></td></tr></tbody></table><i><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>William Gradishar, MD</b> is a professor of medicine in the division of hematology and medical oncology at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago. </i></div></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>He is a member of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University and has dedicated his life's work to finding new and better treatments for breast cancer. </i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>He has worked with government and advocacy organizations to bring breast cancer to the forefront so that women and families facing the disease can find the support they need today and look forward to the promise of the future.</i></div><div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><div><div class="loc expandable-content" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our <a href="https://www.verywellhealth.com/verywell-editorial-process-4777042" target="_blank">editorial process</a> to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.</blockquote></div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Interview. Dr. William Gradishar. Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University.</li><li>Harvard Medical School Harvard Health Publishing. <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/study-finds-weak-link-between-birth-control-and-breast-cancer">Study finds weak link between birth control and breast cancer</a>.</li><li>Binukumar B, Mathew A. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1477-7819-3-45">Dietary fat and risk of breast cancer</a>. World J Surg Oncol. 2005;3:45. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-3-45</li><li>NIH National Cancer Institute. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths/antiperspirants-fact-sheet">Antiperspirants/deodorants and breast cancer</a>.</li><li>American Cancer Society. <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/disproven-or-controversial-breast-cancer-risk-factors.html">Disproven or controversial breast cancer risk factors</a>.</li><li>American Cancer Society. <a href="https://www.cancer.org/healthy/find-cancer-early/cancer-screening-guidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.html">American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer</a>.</li><li>Cleveland Clinic. <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4185-fibrocystic-breast-changes">Fibrocystic breast changes</a>.</li><li>American Cancer Society. <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/breast-cancer-risk-factors-you-cannot-change.html">Breast cancer risk factors you cannot change</a>.</li></ol></div></div>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-11168061830014029352017-08-07T11:23:00.005+07:002023-08-28T17:39:05.014+07:00Husbands: 10 Ways to be there when your wife has breast cancer<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.4px;">Breast cancer is a life threatening and relationship-threatening trauma. Peter J. Flierl, M.S.W., offers insights and common sense for husbands of patients with breast cancer.</span></div>
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When we marry the man or woman of our dreams, our soul mate and best friend, we expect to be together for a lifetime despite the odds against it with 6 of 10 marriages today ending in divorce. We truly believe that we will be together "for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, 'til death us do part." And then life intrudes: becoming a couple, learning to balance needs, the joy and awesome responsibility of becoming and being parents, managing careers and handling money. If a marriage is sound, it can weather any storm, survive virtually any trauma. If the relationship is not on solid ground, a trauma, almost any trauma or stress, can lead to its demise. That may account for the fact that nearly seven in ten marriages touched by breast cancer do not survive. There is no magic bullet, no panacea or formula, for surviving and indeed thriving despite of or in part due to facing breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, and subsequent life together. God it is said gives us challenges to build character, so you as a husband and the two of you as a couple have a great opportunity to build character, to create a lifetime love story. My bride of 28 years, Shirley, is a 22-year survivor of breast cancer. However, that does not define her. She is also a mother, a businesswoman, an educator, a lover, a community volunteer, and my lifetime partner. She was treated at age 37 for an aggressive, Stage 3 tumor that had extensive lymph node involvement. She is alive and well, still sexy with just one breast, and is an inspiration to other women facing this disease, particularly young women. Following are suggestions to other husbands on how to be there for your wife, how to help her become and remain a survivor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. Tell her you love her.</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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In a marriage or any intimate relationship, silence is not golden. The strong silent type need not apply for the position of husband, lover, best friend, confidante and supporter of a woman with breast cancer. Your bride, your wife, needs and wants to hear from you. Actions may speak louder than words, and you may take all the right actions, but speaking words brings comfort, reassurance and knowledge of your inner feelings. She cannot read your mind. Being there for her is more than physical or economic security. Words have meaning. And the three most important words in the English language at this time, at this moment, when together you are facing her mortality, are: "I love you."</span></div>
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The late Louise Crisafi, a saint here on Earth who always gave of herself for others in need, taught me this lesson on the Friday my wife, Shirley Ann, had her biopsy and was diagnosed. Shirley had opted for a two-step process for diagnosis one day and treatment, i.e., surgical removal of her right breast, a mastectomy, on a second day. This meant we knew on Friday she would have a mastectomy on Monday, a weekend together, scared, anxious, frightened. Shirley was confronting her death and the imminent loss of a part of her womanhood. I was clueless, at a loss, overwhelmed and scared. I didn't know what to do, how to act or what to say. Louise was an American Cancer Society Reach to</span></div>
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Recovery volunteer devoted to helping other women face breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. She was a good friend. When I asked her what to do feeling as helpless and overwhelmed as I was, she said simply: "Tell her you love her." I was off to the races. I spent that weekend saying those three magic, powerful words over and over, as frequently as possible, perhaps more than I had done in weeks, months or years previously. A year or so later on a television talk show featuring three women who had had breast cancer, Shirley reminisced about how verbal I had become that fateful weekend. Those words brought comfort and made a difference. Remember to say: "I love you." It works. And I hope I am as verbal and loving today as I was in the midst of crisis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">2. Say "Yes"</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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We all know the joke about Moses and the tribes of Israel wandering for 40 years in the desert after their miraculous escape from bondage in Egypt. It took 40 long years to reach the land of milk and honey, the Promised Land. And why, why did it take so long? Moses was a man. He refused to ask for directions. Ten Commandments, maybe; asking for help, never. If you're married or have dated a man for any length of time, you've spent time in a car lost. You suggest, perhaps timidly and quietly, that it might be a good idea to stop and ask for directions. He is offended. He, after all, is a man. He has a good, no, a great sense of direction. That will become apparent to you, a mere woman with no sense of direction, momentarily. The moments tick by. He is becoming exasperated and hitting the gas. Finally, in disgust, he pulls into a gas station and asks for help. It pains him to do so. Louise added another lesson when I was asking what to do knowing that Shirley and I were facing her cancer together, a cancer that we seemed to have faint hope of beating. Her advice was powerful and insightful. When someone, anyone, asks if they can do anything to help, just say "Yes." Friends, family, neighbors, colleagues and others want to be there for you and for themselves. I know, I know. You're a man and never ask for help, not even simple directions. Understand that the people asking to help need your "Yes" as much as you. It gives them some sense of being able to do something positive about this insidious disease that seems beyond their control. Shirley and I were blessed. We did not have to cook a meal for 3-4 months following her surgery thanks to the chicken dishes, casseroles, lasagnas and other assorted goodies constantly flowing through our front door. Needing a brief childcare stint for our daughter, Alison, it was there. Thank you, Greenwich. Thank you in particular First Congregational Church in Old Greenwich. Thank you special friends, particularly Betsy, who taught me I could get through anything, even this. You are a compassionate community. You are a healing church. You are true friends. Your love, prayers and support made a difference for all three of us in our recovery. Ask for help. Say "yes" when it's offered. You'll be better for it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">3. Humor Heals</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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Norman Cousins taught the country this lesson many years ago and we are often reminded of this truth by Loretta Laroche and others. We know that the act of laughing is itself healing. It makes us feel better and helps us get better. It is very easy to take ourselves and our careers much too seriously. Close friends have experienced our occasional over-the-top, out of control laughing, true guffaws. Can anything feel better? You cannot laugh while feeling sorry for yourself. Seeing the humor in any situation brings relief and release. Did you hear about the drunk who got a "speeding" ticket after passing out at the wheel of his car? Tragedy, yes. Being able to laugh at the incident in hindsight brings understanding and relief. Our favorite apocryphal joke is about hitting a pig, reporting the accident anonymously and getting a ticket in the mail for $500. And how did they find us, you ask, "the pig squealed." Shirley set the stage for our approach to her treatment for breast cancer, which included humor and lots of it. Shirley had met Linda McWhorter, her surgeon's wife, about two weeks before her diagnosis and surgery. On the way in to the operating room for her mastectomy, lying on a gurney in a local community hospital, she looked up and said: "Hey, Phil, you ought to charge me half price. I'm pretty small." Courage, strength, fortitude. A year later, Shirley told the hospital's President & CEO that she was being over charged for her mammogram, that she should get a 50% discount. After all, with one remaining breast, they only had to take a single x-ray image, not two. What's fair is fair. She left him speechless. It just made sense to me. And there was her relationship with her oncologist, Dick Hollister, and his incredible staff. Do you realize that over 95% of <a href="http://www.carepages.com/cancer/cancer-breakthroughs-of-2009.html" style="border: 0px; color: #cc9000; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.4px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">cancer treatment</a> takes place in physicians' private office, not in hospitals. If you choose to practice in oncology, you know from the get go that at least 50% of your patients will die. Yet Dick and his staff always provided hope, comfort, and, best of all, laughter and humor. Dick had made the choice to become a doctor and treat patients with cancer at age 13 according to his mother, at age 11 according to him. He was the perfect match for Shirley, who turned him bright red (fairly easy given his red-head's freckled complexion), when she whipped out her temporary breast prosthesis during his first visit to her hospital room. He was speechless. He knew he had a live one, despite the poor prognosis. Shirley was an interesting and challenging case for a new oncologist in his first few years of practice. Jokes were a staple in his office during the course of our year of treatment. Humor is healing to body, mind, and spirit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">4. I love you, not your breasts</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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Despite our nation's growing obesity, we are a breast and body image fixated society, from Betty Grable pinups in World War II, Marilyn Monroe and Jane Mansfield in the 1950's and 1960's to Salma Hayek, Paris Hilton and Pamela Anderson today. Men talk about being "leg men" or "breast men" with bravado and sophomoric stupidity, as if large breasts or great legs have anything to do with being a woman, a lifetime companion, and a long-term, intimate lover. Now, don't get me wrong. I love to look at and admire beautiful women from the gorgeous 76-year-old former model taking my smoking cessation class in 1982 to the stars on screen and women around me today. However, it is my bride, my lover, and my lifetime partner who is my sexual and sensual interest today. Your bride, your lover, your wife needs to know that you love who she is, not what type of body she has or the size of her breasts. Shirley is as beautiful and sexy today as she was on our first date, if not more so. Our love making then and today was not and is not hampered by her having one breast instead of two. Rather, it enriches our intimacy. When we make love, she completes me, makes me whole and alive. God created a matching set that fits together nicely. Your bride needs reassurance in the face of an assault on her femininity and sense of womanhood. She needs to know by what you say and what you do that this set of circumstances is not the end of your sex life, but rather a new, sometimes frightening, and exciting sex life with heightened sensitivity and caring.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">5. Go to her appointments</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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Go to the multitude of appointments with your wife, your partner, as much as you can, holding her hand literally and figuratively. I had the luxury and blessing of relative independence in my job as the CEO of a community health and wellness center. I built my professional and community calendar around Shirley's treatment schedule. I went with Shirley to virtually every physician visit, every chemotherapy appointment. I felt a bit guilty about sitting in the waiting room, not going into the exam room with her for the actual treatments. Perhaps a bit of a wimp or squeamish, but I was with her in mind, body and spirit every step of the way. If it were possible, I would have taken it for her, and traded places with her. It is not what you do when you accompany her to treatment, but rather the act itself that speaks volumes to her. It also gives you some sense of empowerment. You are more than a helpless spectator cursing the damned disease. You have joined the battle. You are helping wrest control from the cancer along with your wife, your family and friends, your treatment team and all of the support system around you. There is also a practical side. Hearing a diagnosis of cancer overwhelms the senses.</span></div>
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Doctors try to help you understand, but their daily jargon, the language of medicine, might as well be classical Greek or Latin. With two of you there, there are two sets of ears to hear what is said. There are two mouths to ask questions. This helps avoid the tendency to hear what you want to hear. Being with her each time will reassure her, help her overcome, and make you feel good about yourself. She'll love you for it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">6. She is not an invalid</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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Your wife or partner is not fragile. She won't break. Treatment can be grueling and tiring, but you both need to live your life as fully aspossible. Continue to enjoy what you enjoy individually and as a couple, particularly the latter. One of our best friends and an inspiration for many jogged to her chemotherapy appointments when battling a recurrence of breast cancer. It is called zest for living, being in the now. Let your bride do anything she is up to trying. In Shirley's case over the course of her year of treatment, that included walks at Greenwich Point, skiing, putting up with some golf with me, puttering with flowers, and even on occasion agreeing to go sailing with me. You need to take your cues from her. She knows what she can do, or how tired she may be feeling, whether it's a good day or not. When she's ready, encourage and support her without pushing her. Get out when she's ready. As I reflect, it was important for Shirley and I to live life fully as a couple and as a family with Alison. We knew our time together here might be very short and we wanted to live our life together fully. We did not anticipate the length of life we've been blessed with together. Shirley is a miracle and so is your wife or partner, no matter what the ultimate outcome.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">7. Sex After Breast Cancer</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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This is another place where a man needs to let his partner lead. She will let you know what works now and what doesn't, what she's ready for, and what she's not. I suppose I mourned the loss of her breast as she did, as well as the change in some aspects of love making that result. The important thing to learn is that life goes on and sex goes on. In the first weeks, months and even years, your sex life may take on an added dimension that is simultaneously painful and exquisite. Imagine how it feels to make love to someone you feel you might lose. You don't want to hurt her. Remember, she is not fragile. You can giver her bear hugs both during and outside your lovemaking.</span></div>
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Shirley found a new gynecologist as she went through treatment, Ed Jacobson, a warm man, the kind of physician whose presence and demeanor is comforting and reassuring by nature. He enriched our lives, specifically our sex lives, by suggesting we try jellies and creams to make intercourse easier and more comfortable. When your partner experiences menopause, whether naturally as she ages, or, as in Shirley's case, early menopause brought on at age 37 by chemotherapy and hormone therapy, there are issues to be addressed. This includes hot flashes, vaginal dryness, pain during intercourse, lack of lubrication, lowered libido. In explaining the use of jellies and creams to Shirley during an office visit, Ed described it as "the stuff used by the prostitutes in Stamford." Sounded like good advice to her and to me. And, by the way, it does work. There is sex after mastectomy, wonderful, beautiful, glorious sex. And, in the beginning, it can be simultaneously exquisite and painful. There is nothing that can quite prepare a man for making love, and having intercourse, with the love of his life who he fears losing. The threat hung over our heads and was part of our thoughts for days, months and years. Shirley would be embarrassed were I to say any more about our sex life. It is intimate and remains a joy. I have spoken on this subject to women's groups and social workers. Most rewarding was being part of a panel in Stamford, Connecticut with a professional sex therapist speaking ahead of me. I listened attentively and was pleased to find that Shirley and I had figured out on our own what she described in theory. She was a theoretician explaining the principles underlying sexuality and the impact of breast surgery and cancer treatment. Shirley and I had lived it and muddled through on our own just fine, thank you.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">8. She is your trophy wife</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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You need to understand that your bride, your wife, the woman you promised to cherish, the love of your life and your best friend is also the answer to your caricature male mid-life crisis. The answer is not a young intern wearing a thong who's young enough to be your daughter. It is not a young bimbo or young colleague with whom to start your next marriage, or your next family. It is not a sports car, a speedboat or a new set of golf clubs. It is your wife.I encountered this attitude and understanding observing the marriage of friends Joe and Shirley, two "adolescents in love" after more than 40 years of marriage. Rather than have a midlife crisis alternative relationship, whether sexual or emotional, how about a fling with your wife. Take her away for a comfy weekend at a romantic bed and breakfast. In our case, it can be some quiet time together in the Berkshires, preferably paddling a canoe. Or take in a Broadway show, or a good movie and an after show dessert. Fall in love. Stay in love. Be in love.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">9. Lemonade from lemons</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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When life gives you lemons, make lemonade. See the silver lining. You are not a Pollyanna to find something exquisite, profound and meaningful in facing cancer, facing death and facing loss. Can you imagine yourself in the shoes or the psyche of a person with cancer? Or as the husband, lover and lifetime partner of a woman with breast cancer? Can you understand deep in your soul what intimacy is like, sexual and otherwise, when all your senses are stretched and heightened by the knowledge you're making love to a woman you could lose? You find joy to the point of pain. You discover a profound sense of being one with each other, and yet there is awareness that it could be fleeting and transitory. Reality may break in and shatter the moment, but you persevere. I have often said in the years since "our" treatment for Shirley's breast cancer that a good marriage, or a solid relationship, will not only get through the trauma of breast cancer, the marriage will be strengthened and be the better for it. Go figure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">10. She is not damaged goods</span></strong><span face=""helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #3e3733; font-size: 14.4px;"></span></span></div>
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A man attending a <a href="http://www.carepages.com/cancer/finasteride-for-prostate-cancer-prevention.html" style="border: 0px; color: #cc9000; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.4px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">prostate cancer</a> support group expressed concern about being "damaged goods" following prostate cancer treatment. Your bride is not damaged goods with or without breast reconstruction. She remains the woman you fell in love with, the woman you committed to for a lifetime together. Get beyond the inner thoughts never expressed, wondering whether your lovemaking was altered forever. You, too, may miss her breast, as it has brought you both pleasure in the past. Whether or not to have breast reconstruction is a personal choice, her choice. Shirley chose not to do so, in part I believe to avoid furthering tampering with and "awakening" of any missed cancer cells. Now is the time to live your life to its fullest together. Cleave to her. Hold her. Love her. Smell her. Taste her. Smile with her. Laugh with her. Cry with her. Get angry with her. Yes, you still have "negative" feelings and emotions. You are still human beings in the ebb and flow of a love relationship that is more intense than most of those around you. You'll both survive and thrive if you stay together.</span></div>
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Peter J. Flierl, M.S.W. is a graduate of Hobart College in Geneva, New York with a B.A. in English and completed his Masters in Clinical Social Work at Louisiana State University School of Social Welfare in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He is a freelance writer and speaker with more than 30 years experience in community and hospital-based wellness and alternative medicine and is the author of Prayer, Laughter & Broccoli .</span></blockquote>
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Provided by the <a href="http://www.y-me.org/" style="border: 0px; color: #cc9000; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.4px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Y-ME National Breast Cancer Organization</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-size: 14.4px;">Source: </span><a href="http://cms.carepages.com/CarePages/en/ArticlesTips/FeatureArticles/LifeHappens/Husbands10Ways.html" style="font-size: 14.4px;" target="_blank">CarePage</a></span></div>
NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-68558330989323425802017-08-07T08:32:00.009+07:002023-08-28T17:38:55.067+07:00Breast Cancer in a Wife, How Husbands Cope and How Well It Works<div class="separator" style="clear: both; display: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUZiMcsVF6SkHC3BmGRKGbi6wKmfl4waG4KJZ3KDTafXXSEB7KJ_JLrlAygXm-HYJGFFRqiWnchGeK-201UGsJG2ZDJeOtJqb3ytPFSxgNsWSL4CgChyphenhyphenILQGm9pEUEjGEWgg6vXvw1lsNA/s1600/350x350_The_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer_Blogs_of_the_Year-Let_Us_Be_Mermaids.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUZiMcsVF6SkHC3BmGRKGbi6wKmfl4waG4KJZ3KDTafXXSEB7KJ_JLrlAygXm-HYJGFFRqiWnchGeK-201UGsJG2ZDJeOtJqb3ytPFSxgNsWSL4CgChyphenhyphenILQGm9pEUEjGEWgg6vXvw1lsNA/s1600/350x350_The_Metastatic_Breast_Cancer_Blogs_of_the_Year-Let_Us_Be_Mermaids.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Silvia M. Bigatti, PhD; Linda F. Brown, MS; Jennifer L. Steiner, MS; Kathy D. Miller, MD </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">DISCLOSURES</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cancer Nurs. 2011;34(3):193-201.</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract and Introduction</span></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Abstract</span></b></div></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Husbands of patients with breast cancer (HBCs) experience as much as or even more distress than patients. Husbands' coping strategies may predict their level of distress.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Objective: The present study examined the coping strategies of HBCs compared with husbands of women without cancer (HWCs) and the relationship between coping and various psychosocial variables.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Methods: Psychosocial and physical health correlates of coping in both groups were assessed. Husbands of women with breast cancer (n = 83) and without breast cancer (n = 79) completed self-report questionnaires including the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Subjective Stress Scale, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test, in addition to measures of burden.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Results: The HBC and HWC groups were significantly different for 6 of the 8 coping styles assessed, with HBC using these strategies less than HWCs. Among HBCs, higher use of distancing, accepting responsibility, and escape-avoidance was associated with higher stress and symptoms of depression, and distancing and accepting responsibility were associated with lower marital satisfaction.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Results suggest that coping strategies may be different when dealing with cancer in a wife than at other times and that coping relates to well-being and is therefore worthy of focus.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Implications for Practice: Simple assessments of primary coping strategies may help clinicians identify HBCs in need of interventions. Husbands of women with breast cancer can be given problems to solve that will help them cope and help the patient and clinic staff as well. Interventions aimed at the couple, and not exclusively the HBC, may be particularly helpful.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Introduction</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the cancer care arena, increasing emphasis is being directed at attending to the psychosocial needs of patients and their families. Family members are sometimes considered "second-order patients," as high stress levels in caregivers can interfere with their ability to provide support to the cancer patient.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">1</a>] In this environment, husbands of breast cancer patients (HBCs) are receiving more and more attention from researchers as the negative impact of the cancer on their well-being is recognized. Distress among HBCs is as high as the patient's or higher,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">2</a>]because of the cancer. Compared with husbands of women without illness, HBCs report worse physical and mental health regardless of the severity of the cancer.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">3</a>] Wagner et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">3</a>] found among HBCs that the coping style they used was related to overall quality of life.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Coping is an important variable to examine because it traditionally has been conceptualized as a mediator between a stressor (in this case, breast cancer in a wife) and outcome (physical or mental deterioration). As such, it exercises quite a bit of influence over whether the stressor will result in negative outcomes for any one individual.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Coping has been defined as "…constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person."[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>]It can serve several functions. Coping may prevent a stressful situation, help manage the situation, manage the meaning of the situation, or manage the stress symptoms associated with the situation. Husbands of women with breast cancer will need to use their repertoire of coping skills to manage their involvement in the cancer patients' illness and care, manage the meaning of the chronic illness for their families, and manage the stress symptoms associated with it.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">5</a>]</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">To help manage the situation in the breast cancer context, HBCs may use problem-solving strategies to reduce the burden associated with the illness.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">5</a>] Lazarus and Folkman[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] characterized such strategies as problem-focused coping. For example, an HBC may actively participate in discussions with health care providers to ensure that effective medications are prescribed for the patient. Husbands of women with breast cancer also may use other forms of problem-focused coping to help manage their own stress associated with the patients' chronic illness, resulting in less negative outcomes.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">5</a>] These strategies tend to be directed at internal processes.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] Common strategies include finding time to take care of one's own needs and the use of stress management techniques.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Another style of coping used by HBCs can be characterized as emotion focused.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] The meaning HBCs attribute to their wives' illness and to their own role in helping the patient cope with it will determine how stressful it becomes for them.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">5</a>] Husbands of women with breast cancer who use coping strategies that make the situation seem less threatening, such as cognitive reappraisal, avoidance, or denial, may feel less stress/burden than those who view the patients' illness as unbearable. Emotion-focused coping may be used "…to maintain hope and optimism, to deny both fact and implication, to refuse to acknowledge the worst, to act as if what happened did not matter…."[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] Examples of such coping strategies are the use of humor and remembering the relationship before the onset of the breast cancer, rather than focusing on the possibility that increased deterioration of the patient will continue to occur.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Lazarus and Folkman[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] identify 3 possible ways in which coping can mediate the relationship between stress and poor health. First, coping influences neurochemical stress reactions. For example, research has shown that at different levels of perceived stress, coping is associated with different immune function responses.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">6</a>] Second, when coping efforts used to deal with stress are noxious to the individual, such as using drugs or alcohol, individuals' health may suffer. Finally, sometimes the use of emotion-focused coping, which may involve denial or avoidance, prevents the individual from searching for solutions to a solvable problem and, as a result, becomes a counterproductive style.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A small but important literature examines coping strategies among HBCs-typically within the context of the dyadic relationship. The usual approach is to compare HBCs coping with patient coping and examine the effects of one on the other. This literature suggests that HBCs use fewer coping strategies than their wives and that their coping is mostly problem focused,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>] although to a lesser degree than the patient's/wife's.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">8</a>]Findings from this literature support general coping research in that coping style is associated with psychological functioning. For example, Kershaw et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">9</a>] found that avoidance coping in caregivers of breast cancer patients was associated with lower mental quality of life to a larger degree than any other strategy examined. Ptacek et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>] found problem-focused coping to be associated with higher marital satisfaction and emotion-focused coping to be associated with lower marital satisfaction.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These findings are significant because HBC coping styles have been associated with outcomes in the wives/patients. Problem-focused coping in the HBCs has been associated with higher marital satisfaction in the wife/patient,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>] whereas emotion-focused coping in the HBCs is associated with distress in the patient.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">8</a>]</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">No reports have yet been published, however, that describe in detail the coping strategies of HBCs, especially when compared with husbands of women without illness. Such data would allow us to further understand to what extent HBCs draw on their coping resources in the context of their wives' breast cancer, whether such coping strategies are effective, and, if so, which work best. Comparing the coping of HBCs with that of husbands of women who are not ill will allow us to identify differences in coping strategies between the groups. The findings may also shed light on the significance of the research that explains the impact of HBC coping on patient outcomes, as it would provide us with a snapshot of whether their coping in this situation is similar to their general coping style or whether coping gets blunted or changed in some way that is unique to this stressor. Finally, a clear understanding of how coping in these men is different from coping in men without this stressor may suggest avenues for interventions aimed at maximizing coping resources for this population.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of the present study was to examine in detail the coping strategies used by HBCs and to compare their strategies with those of husbands whose wives are not ill. Psychosocial and physical health correlates of coping in both groups were also examined, as was the relation between HBC coping and wife/patient illness variables.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Methods</b></div></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Participants</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;">A total of 212 married or partnered men were recruited for the present study. Of the 101 HBCs recruited, 18 failed to return their questionnaires, leaving a final sample of 83 HBCs. Of the 110 husbands of women without chronic or acute illness recruited for the comparison group, 11 failed to return their questionnaires. Of the remaining 99 participants, 20 were younger than the youngest in the HBC group. These were dropped so that the groups would be matched on age, leaving a final sample of 79 husbands of women without illness.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most husbands in the study were white (91.8%), with an average age of 50 (SD, 12.56) years. Most were college graduates (54%) and employed full-time (64.8%), and a significant proportion of participants (41.6%) earned an income of more than $70 000. There were no statistically significant differences by group on any of these variables. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 1</a> presents the demographic data by group.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Wives with Breast Cancer</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Descriptive information was provided on the wife's breast cancer because it is the factor that distinguishes the HBCs from the comparison husbands. The average time since diagnosis was 34 months (median, 15 months; mode, 4 months). Wives were at all stages of disease; specifically, 20% had stage I, 35% stage II, 20% stage III, and 17% stage IV. Eight percent of the husbands were not able to report stage of illness for their wives. Most wives had surgery (77% had either lumpectomy or mastectomy, and 14.5% had both), and most had started their adjuvant treatments (48.8% had either radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy; 30.5% had 2 of these; and 18.3% had all 3). Most HBCs (83%) reported that their wives were currently affected by treatment adverse effects. The most commonly reported adverse effects were fatigue (46%), nausea (36%), pain (28%), and hair loss (23%). Only 36% of the wives who worked prior to the diagnosis continued to work without interruption; for the remainder, husbands reported either that their wives had work-related disability (29%), reduction in work hours (27%), or that they had stopped working completely (8%).</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Procedure</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;">Husbands of women with breast cancer were recruited through a regional cancer center after approval was granted by the center's Scientific Review Committee and the university institutional review board. Research assistants (RAs) approached HBCs in the chemotherapy infusion area before or during treatment. The RAs fully described the study to them, and those who consented were provided survey packets to complete at home and return via mail. No HBCs approached for participation refused, although 18% never returned their questionnaires.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Participants in the comparison group were recruited through campus advertisements and e-mails. The men in the comparison group were spouses of women who had never been diagnosed with breast cancer and who had no chronic or life-threatening illnesses. These husbands called the research office to provide informed consent before surveys were mailed to their homes. Husbands who failed to return their packets within 2 weeks received reminder telephone calls by trained RAs. Research assistants reviewed all returned surveys and called the participants to collect missing data. Once the surveys were returned, participants were sent $30 grocery gift certificates. Data were entered and double-checked by trained RAs.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Measures</b></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;">Demographic Characteristics—Project Questionnaire This instrument was developed by project personnel and used to obtain demographic information and information on the patient's cancer and treatment.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Coping—Ways of Coping Questionnaire Coping strategies were measured using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">10</a>] The measure has 66 items that assess the thoughts and actions of individuals as they cope. Items are grouped into 8 subscales-four of which make up the problem-focused coping scale and 4 make up the emotion-focused coping scale. The problem-focused subscales are planful problem solving, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, and confrontive coping. The emotion-focused coping scale is made up of positive reappraisal, escape-avoidance, distancing, and self-controlling. Higher scores indicate more frequent use of that coping style. Brief explanations of each subscale are presented in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 2</a>. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire has internal consistency reliabilities ranging from α = .61 to α = .79. Construct validity has been supported by consistency with theoretical predictions.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">12</a>]Internal consistency was estimated with the sample used for the present study and found to be α = .83 for emotion-focused coping and α = .84 for problem-focused coping.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Depression—Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was designed to measure depressive symptoms, with an emphasis on depressed mood.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">13</a>] This 20-item self-report instrument has been used extensively in the health literature. Responses are given on a 4-point Likert-type scale (0 = rarely or none of the time to 3 = most or all of the time). The scale distinguishes between various levels of problem severity. Reliability has been reported at α = .88. Internal consistency was estimated with the sample used for the present study and found to be α = .89.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Subjective Stress Scale This short 4-item scale was developed by Chapman et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">14</a>] for the Los Angeles Heart Study. Responses are chosen from a 4-point Likert-type scale (1 = this does not describe me at all to 4 = this describes me very well). Items in this scale have been found to correlate with social stress (r = 0.32) and neuroticism (r = 0.42).[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">15</a>] Stress scores from the scale have been reported to be relatively stable over time.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">16</a>] Internal consistency was estimated with the sample used for the present study and found to be α = .83.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Satisfaction with Life Scale This short (5-item) instrument developed by Diener et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">17</a>] is designed to measure quality of life from the point of view of the individual. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree). Internal consistency was reported by the authors at α = .87, test-retest reliability at α = .82, and concurrent validity as appropriate. Internal consistency was estimated with the sample used in the present study and found to be α = .88.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Marital Satisfaction—Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test Created by Locke and Wallace,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">18</a>] this 15-item self-report instrument is widely used in the caregiver and chronic illness literature to measure marital adjustment. The authors report a split-half reliability of α = .90. The authors also claim good validity, with the instrument discriminating between adjusted and maladjusted couples. Internal consistency was estimated with the sample used for the present study and found to be α = .70.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Burden</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Activities of Daily Living—Illness Impact Form. Designed by Gallo and reported in Sexton and Munro,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">19</a>] this instrument measures how much the patient depends on the spouse for activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs). The measure was adapted for use with the specific population in the present study. It contains a list of ADLs and IADLs and asks how much the patient depends on the respondent for those activities on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = most times, 3 = always) specifically because of the breast cancer. Internal consistency was estimated with a sample of husbands of patients with fibromyalgia and found to be α = .83.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">20</a>] Internal consistency in the present sample was α = .81.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Role Strains—Psychological Adjustment to Illness Scale. The self-report version developed for spouses of patients was used.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">21</a>] This 46-item measure assesses role strains and the psychological and social adjustment of spouses to illness. It includes 7 domains, of which 5 were used for the measurement of burden in the present study: vocational, domestic, and social environments and sexual and extended family relationships. Reliability coefficients range from a high of 0.87 for domestic environment to a low of 0.66 for extended family. The measure correlates highly with other measures of psychological adjustment to illness, such as Global Adjustment to Illness Scale (r = 0.81).[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">21</a>] Internal consistency for the total of the 5 role strains in the present sample was α = .54.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Cancer Stage. Husbands of women with breast cancer were asked to report the stage of their wives' cancer.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cancer Symptoms. Husbands of women with breast cancer were asked to report the symptoms of the cancer and treatment adverse effects experienced by their wives/partners.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cancer Treatments Received. Husbands of women with breast cancer reported on the treatments received by their wives/partners, including type of surgery and type of adjuvant therapy.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Results</span></b></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Burden of Breast Cancer for HBCs</span></b></div></span></b><div style="text-align: justify;">Husbands of women with breast cancer were involved in providing care for their wives associated with the breast cancer in ADLs such as dressing (37%), eating (31%), bathing (21%), using the toilet (12%), and even walking in the house (7%). For IADLs, HBCs reported that because of the breast cancer they helped their wives with shopping (66%), trips outside (42%), taking medicine (46%), managing finances (49%), and organizing appointments (41%). Husbands of women with breast cancer reported varying amounts of role strain, with the highest being in the social environment, followed by sexual, vocational, domestic, and extended family relations.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship Between Burden and Coping in HBCs</span></b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;">To better understand the relationship between the burden of breast cancer and the HBC coping style, we regressed each coping subscale on role strains, ADL, number of symptoms of chemotherapy experienced by wife, number of treatments (surgeries and adjuvant treatments) undergone by wife, and cancer stage.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The regressions for distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, and positive reappraisal were not significant, suggesting no relationship between illness burden and these coping styles.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The regression for confrontive coping was significant, F 5,57 = 2.56, P = .037, and accounted for 18.3% of the variance. Only role-strain scores entered the regression equation (β = .333) and showed that higher confrontive coping was associated with higher role strains.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The regression for escape-avoidance was significant, F 5,57 = 3.48, P = .008, and accounted for 23.4% of the variance. None of the individual predictors accounted for significant proportions of variance.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The regression for planful problem solving was significant, F 5,57 = 2.95, P = .020, and accounted for 20.5% of the variance. Role strains (β = .305) and wife's cancer stage (β = −.332) entered the regression equation, with higher role strains and lower stage associated with higher use of planful problem solving.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: large;">Differences in Coping Between Groups</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to compare HBCs with the comparison group on the 8 subscales of the Ways of Coping Scale. The multivariate test was significant, F 8,146 = 9.441, P < .001, multivariate effect size = 0.341. Univariate follow-up tests showed that confrontive coping (partial ŋ2 = 0.054), distancing (partial ŋ2 = 0.030), self-controlling (partial ŋ2 = 0.058), seeking social support (partial ŋ2 = 0.112), accepting responsibility (partial ŋ2 = 0.157), and planful problem solving (partial ŋ2 = 0.137) differed significantly between groups (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 3</a>). For each of these coping styles, HBCs used the style less than comparison husbands. There were no differences between groups in escape-avoidance or positive reappraisal.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">A second comparison was conducted examining groups by emotion-focused and problem-focused coping. The multivariate test was significant, F 2,152 = 21.56, P < .001, multivariate effect size = 0.221. Univariate follow-up tests showed problem-focused coping differed significantly between groups (partial ŋ2 = 0.196). Husbands of women with breast cancer used problem-focused coping less than comparison husbands; but emotion-focused coping did not differ (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 3</a>).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Paired-samples t tests were run to examine differences between emotion-focused and problem-focused coping within each group. For both groups, the differences between the 2 coping styles were statistically significant. Husbands of women with breast cancer, t 78 = 7.91, P < .001, and husbands of women without illness, t 75 = 2.33, P = .023, used emotion-focused coping more than problem-focused coping strategies.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Differences in Psychological Health of HBCs by Coping Style</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">In an effort to understand the relationships between the various coping styles and psychological health (satisfaction with life, subjective stress, depression, marital satisfaction) among HBCs (not comparisons), we compared HBCs who scored high on each subscale with those who scored low using multivariate analysis of variance. High versus low was determined by a median split of the scores for each subscale. There were no differences in psychological variables between HBCs by confrontive coping (high scores >5), seeking social support (high scores >7), self-controlling (high scores >10), or planful problem solving (high scores >9). Husbands of women with breast cancer who scored high (scores >6) on distancing reported worse psychological health than those who scored low, F 4,68 = 3.01, P = .024, ŋ2 = 0.150. Univariate follow-up tests showed that high distancing was associated with higher subjective stress (ŋ2 = 0.075), more symptoms of depression (ŋ2 = 0.071), and lower marital satisfaction (ŋ2 = 0.069) than was low distancing (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 4</a>).</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Husbands of women with breast cancer who scored high (>4) on accepting responsibility reported worse psychological health than those who scored low, F 4,68 = 5.69, P = .001, ŋ2 = 0.251. Univariate follow-up tests showed that high accepting responsibility was associated with lower satisfaction with life (ŋ2 = 0.079), higher subjective stress (ŋ2 = 0.106), more symptoms of depression (ŋ2 = 0.158), and lower marital satisfaction (ŋ2 = 0.094) than low accepting responsibility (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 4</a>).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Husbands of women with breast cancer who scored high (>5) on escape-avoidance reported worse psychological health than those who scored low, F 4,68 = 3.28, P = .016, ŋ2 = 0.162. Univariate follow-up tests showed that high escape-avoidance was associated with higher subjective stress (ŋ2 = 0.099) and more symptoms of depression (ŋ2 = 0.129) than low escape-avoidance (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 5</a>).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Husbands of women with breast cancer differed on psychological health by their use of positive reappraisal, F 4,68 = 5.11, P = .001, ŋ2 = 0.231. Univariate follow-up tests showed that high positive reappraisal (>10) was associated with higher marital satisfaction (ŋ2 = 0.070) but also higher subjective stress (ŋ2 = 0.126) than low positive appraisal (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 4</a>).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Table 5</a> summarizes findings across groups and within HBCs for coping. The 2 main scales (problem- and emotion-focused coping) and the various subscales are represented in this table, which shows the significant relationships between coping and psychosocial factors and differences by group in coping style.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Discussion</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">We sought to develop a deeper understanding of coping among HBCs. Husbands of women with breast cancer in the present study were mostly white and educated and reported relatively high socioeconomic status. According to their own reports, a substantial proportion provided their wives with significant help in ADLs such as dressing and eating and instrumental ADLs such as shopping and taking medicine, because of the breast cancer. They also reported role strains associated with their wives' illness, with the highest in the social environment. This is not surprising because the majority of wives had undergone surgery for their breast cancer, and all but 2 had begun adjuvant (ie, radiation, chemotherapy) treatment.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Within the subscales of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, HBCs used positive reappraisal most, followed by planful problem solving, self-controlling, seeking social support, distancing, confrontive, accepting responsibility, and, finally, escape-avoidance coping. These findings are partially consistent with previous research. Ptacek et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>] used an earlier version of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire that had only 5 subscales, precluding the ability to make a direct comparison. They found that HBCs reported using problem-focused coping most and self-blame (comparable to our "accepting responsibility") least. Although our findings do not match those of the previous study entirely, they are not contradictory.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">When we examined coping strategies further, we found that HBCs used emotion-focused coping strategies to a larger extent than they used problem-focused coping strategies. However, both HBCs and comparisons used emotion-focused coping more than problem-focused coping, so this difference is not unique to HBCs. Additionally, although both groups used emotion-focused coping more than problem-focused coping, our findings indicated that HBCs used problem-focused coping less than comparisons. Previous research has suggested that in situations in which the perceived potential for control over the stressor is higher, there is greater likelihood of using problem-focused coping as there is a higher chance of this strategy being effective in changing the outcome of the stressor.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] It is possible that the HBCs used less problem-focused coping because of the limited potential for control in dealing with their partners' cancer. Under situations such as this, it is not surprising that problem-focused coping would be less prevalent in comparison to emotion-focused strategies and also in comparison to controls who may be coping with situations with greater potential for effective problem solving.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Of note is that the most- and least-used coping strategies (positive reappraisal and escape-avoidance, both emotion focused) were the only ones in which HBCs did not differ from husbands of women without illness. Previous research has suggested that men have certain patterns of coping with stressors within a marriage that are related to both their marital satisfaction and the satisfaction of their partner,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">22</a>] and this may be related to commonalities between groups despite the stressful situation. Bouchard and colleagues[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">22</a>] found that individuals' use of denial as a coping style was associated with negative marital satisfaction for both themselves and their spouses and that distancing-avoidance was associated with their own negative satisfaction with the marriage. In that particular study, distancing-avoidance behaviors were described as "efforts to detach… and behavioral efforts to escape or avoid the problems,"[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">22</a>] which is essentially the same strategy that what we have identified as escape-avoidance. It is possible that men in general practice escape-avoidance at lower rates because it leads to negative feelings and lower satisfaction on their part. This may provide some explanation for the low use of escape-avoidance in both groups.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Husbands of women with breast cancer reported using all other strategies less than comparison husbands. These findings may suggest a suppression of coping behaviors at the time of active treatment in the wife. Lazarus and Folkman[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] posited that either personal or environmental factors can lead to constraints to coping behaviors. Ptacek et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>] compared the coping of patients with breast cancer with their husbands' coping and found that the patients reported more use of coping than did the husbands, a finding that seems to support the current findings of suppressed coping in these men. However, Ptacek et al,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>] as well as Ben-Zur et al,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">8</a>] found that HBCs in their samples used more problem-focused coping than emotion-focused coping, a finding different than our own. These inconsistent findings may be at least partially explained by differences in the samples. Our sample included patients in active treatment and with all stages of cancer (37% identified as stage III or IV), whereas the previous studies' samples were mostly limited to stages I and II breast cancer (100% in the Ben-Zur et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">8</a>] sample and 86% in the Ptacek et al[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">8</a>] study). In the study by Ptacek and colleagues,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>]patients had completed treatment an average of 15 months earlier. Many of our HBCs were in the throes of coping with the stress of their wives' active treatment and the concurrent adverse effects. More than a third were dealing with advanced stages of cancer, which may have been appraised as more of a threat. Problem-focused coping is less likely to occur, as noted earlier, when there is less potential for influencing a situation and also when the perceived threat is greater.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4</a>] Excessive threat interferes with problem solving by affecting cognitive functioning and information processing. It is possible that higher degrees of perceived threat and lower perceived potential to influence the problem led to lower use of problem-focused coping in our sample.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">We then focused exclusively on the HBCs and attempted to elucidate the relationships between coping and HBCs' mental health-their satisfaction with life, subjective stress, depression, and marital satisfaction. Our findings suggest that higher use of distancing, accepting responsibility (ie, self-blame), and escape-avoidance is associated with higher stress and more symptoms of depression than lower use. Higher use of distancing and accepting responsibility is also associated with lower marital satisfaction than lower use. Especially noteworthy is the difference in depression scores among those who score lower and higher in accepting responsibility, because lower users of accepting responsibility were within the reference range for the measure of depression (ie, nondepressed) and higher users of accepting responsibility scored within the depressed range. These findings are somewhat similar to those of Ptacek and colleagues,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">7</a>] who found that an HBC's use of avoidance and/or self-blame was negatively correlated with his marital satisfaction and mental health. Unfortunately, the cross-sectional nature of our data does not allow us to determine whether the coping causes the lower scores on these psychosocial measures or the lower scores on these measures lead to these types of coping, or even whether this is an interactional process. The literature provides sufficient evidence for both alternatives.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">23</a>,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">24</a>]</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Positive reappraisal, which is considered an adaptive emotion-focused coping style, was associated with higher marital satisfaction but also higher reported levels of subjective stress. Husbands who perceive higher levels of stress may add positive reappraisal to their coping repertoire in an effort to cope.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Because the factor that distinguishes HBCs from other husbands is the illness in the wife and its associated burden, we examined whether burden was associated with coping style. We conceptualized burden as wife illness characteristics (cancer stage, treatments received, and associated symptoms), wife need for assistance in ADLs, and HBC role strains. Burden was associated with the use of confrontive coping and planful problem solving through role strains and cancer stage; burden was also associated with escape-avoidance coping.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">In summary, although HBCs showed restrained coping compared with husbands of women without illness, their various coping styles were related to a number of psychosocial and disease variables. The coping styles that were not related to any of these variables were seeking social support (a problem-focused style) and self-controlling (an emotion-focused style). Most, though, were related to negative psychosocial factors in HBCs (confrontive, accepting responsibility, planful problem solving, distancing, escape-avoidance, and positive reappraisals). Only positive reappraisal, the coping style used most by HBCs, had a positive association; HBCs with higher use of problem-focused coping reported higher marital satisfaction.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The main limitation of the present study is its cross-sectional design, which precludes conclusions about causal relationships. In all the relationships examined in this article, coping style may explain psychological factors, or psychological factors and disease variables may explain coping style. Moreover, a cross-sectional design does not allow the evaluation of changes in coping across time. Pearlin and colleagues[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">5</a>] classify coping as fluid (ie, changing over time), especially when stressors are chronic. For HBCs, breast cancer may become a long-term stressor, and individuals may need to change and refine their coping repertoires to deal better with the stressor. Throughout the illness, coping may serve to mediate the effects of burden on HBCs' physical health. Husbands of women with breast cancer may try different coping styles throughout the breast cancer experience and determine that different styles are effective at different phases of the illness and its treatment. Future longitudinal research would add to our understanding of HBC coping with the breast cancer experience across time. Another limitation is the homogeneous demographic characteristics of these husbands. These findings cannot be assumed to generalize to men who have lower income or are nonwhite. Qualitative follow-up interviews might have clarified some of the questions that were elicited by our findings. Future research with mixed-methods designs may better determine the meaning of the relationships among variables found here.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our findings have immediate implications for clinical practice. It is clear from the literature that husbands of patients need attention from clinical staff. Our findings suggest that targeting their coping style may help reduce their distress. A simple strategy for identifying husbands who may need help with coping would be to assess their primary coping style. A single question, such as "what are you doing to deal with her cancer (or treatment, surgery, symptoms, whatever may be most relevant)," may provide information useful to the clinician to identify effective or ineffective coping styles. Husbands who report using problematic coping styles, as identified in the present study, could be singled out for attention by clinic staff. Distressed husbands who report attempts to solve problems could be given tasks to do or problems to solve, such as implementing household schedules, managing patient medication, or keeping records of events and symptoms. Alternatively, clinic staff can work with both the husbands and patients. There are interventions aimed at coping specifically, such as Couples Coping Enhancement Training,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">25</a>]which have been found to reduce or prevent distress in couples. However, these have yet to be tried, in a modified format, for those facing the stress of cancer. Clinicians can also help husbands understand the important role they play during the cancer treatment. Research has shown that husbands, in fact, do problem solve at this time. They take on additional household chores and take care of patient and family needs that they may not usually be responsible for.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">26</a>] Making husbands aware of this and helping them reconceptualize these activities as coping efforts could result in better psychosocial outcomes.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">A detailed understanding of coping strategies used by this population and the relationship with mental health is especially important because such knowledge may lead to the development and use of interventions aimed at helping these men. Typically, cancer care professionals strive to help patients and their families actively cope with breast cancer. However, without understanding the coping methods that HBCs use and their associated factors, these interventions will not be properly informed. The present study adds to our understanding the role of coping among this distressed population.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom:-20px;"> Source: <a href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741740_4"><img height="20" src="https://img.medscapestatic.com/pi/logos/mscp-logo.png" width="100" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This project was funded by Walther Cancer Institute, Inc. Cancer Nurs. 2011;34(3):193-201. © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</div>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-83476122242456937922017-08-07T06:18:00.018+07:002023-08-27T23:44:45.994+07:00Experience of spouses of women with breast cancer: an integrative literature review<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12.7962px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; visibility: hidden;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7HWOlMCUAJdYSb6C_DaFVqoozlPRhp3CS4bUw29GmVkpBjtNPPfcS81Bk1krGVcGqECg0WAkcgm7AccP6gsycvpOWS9kaJaPtzXYNiT3HahWxcZGB2PjBJU-i-RWWE3t4lPusA1HEzxSu/s1600/shannen+dhorothy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: small;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1190" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7HWOlMCUAJdYSb6C_DaFVqoozlPRhp3CS4bUw29GmVkpBjtNPPfcS81Bk1krGVcGqECg0WAkcgm7AccP6gsycvpOWS9kaJaPtzXYNiT3HahWxcZGB2PjBJU-i-RWWE3t4lPusA1HEzxSu/s320/shannen+dhorothy.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span class="author-name" style="font-weight: bold;">Rhyquelle Rhibna Neris</span><sup style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#aff1">1</a> </sup>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span class="author-name">Anna Cláudia Yokoyama dos Anjos</span><sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#aff2">2</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="aff1"></a><sup><sup>1</sup></sup>Nursing Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="aff2"></a><sup><sup>2</sup></sup>Adjunct Professor, Nursing Undergraduate Course, Faculty of Medicine and Coordinator of the Multidisciplinary Residency Program Attention in Oncology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Uberlândia, MG, Brazil</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="abstract"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;">Objective: To gather, to characterize, to analyze, to synthesize and to integrate primary studies that addressed the experiences of spouses / husbands / partners of women with breast cancer, presenting the current state of knowledge. Method: Integrative literature review carried out in the databases of VHL, PubMed, CINHAL e SciELO. Results: The sample consisted of eight studies published between 2000-2012, which pointed to the experiences of the involvement and the care of the husbands towards their ill wives. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for attention and assistance to those spouses, as well as guidance and education to exercise the care the same way as the health staff has done with women. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of further studies in order to deepen the knowledge on this topic, and thus, improve the care with better scientific basis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;">Key words: Breast neoplasms; Spouses; Family; Family relations; Oncology nursing; Review<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="resumen"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>RESUMEN</b></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;">Objetivo: Reunir, caracterizar, analizar, sintetizar e integrar estudios primarios que abordaron las experiencias de los cónyuges/esposos/compañeros de mujeres con cáncer de mama, presentando el estado actual del conocimiento. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos BVS, PubMed, CINHAL y SciELO. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta de ocho estudios, publicados en el período de 2000 a 2012, que señalaron las experiencias de la involucración y el cuidado de los maridos con relación a sus esposas enfermas.Conclusión: Se evidencia la necesidad de atención y asistencia a esos cónyuges, así como la orientación y educación para el ejercicio del cuidado, como está realizando el equipo de salud con respecto a las mencionadas mujeres. Se subraya igualmente la importancia de nuevos estudios, a fin de profundizar el conocimiento acerca de esa temática y, de ese modo, perfeccionar la asistencia con mejor fundamento científico.
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;">Palabras-clave: Neoplasias de la mama; Esposos; Familia; Relaciones familiares; Enfermería oncológica; Revisión<br />
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<span style="text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="idm996784"></a><br />
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in general (458,000 deaths). In 2009, deaths from breast cancer ranked first in Brazil with 15.3% of all cases. For the year 2012, 52,680 new cases that represented an incidence rate of 52.5 cases per 100,000 women were estimated<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B01">1</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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The natural process of diseases like breast cancer interferes greatly and directly in the physical, emotional and social conditions of women, which causes them to fear the disease and all the factors involved in the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation process<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B02">2</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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In face of the experiences that affect women with breast cancer, they may have difficulties in social and family relationships. It is amidst this complex scenario that day by day the family has acquired increased importance, with a significant collaborative role for coping with the disease<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B03">3</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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Within the household context, the spouse of the woman with breast cancer is a family member that stands out. They see cancer as a threat to the life of their partners, and like them, may not have sufficient and appropriate emotional resources to cope with the disease<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B04">4</a></sup>)</sup>, they may feel hopelessness, helplessness, restlessness and fear, among many other possible feelings that affect their own lives, the comfort, support and care to women, as well as the family and emotional relationships<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B05">5</a></sup>)</sup>. The spouses cannot be excluded from the context of care, on the contrary, they should be seen as people who need to receive assistance, support and to share their doubts, fears, anxieties and uncertainties<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B04">4</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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It is often perceived that the care and concern of health professionals who deal with breast cancer are preferentially directed to women affected by cancer. Thus, many times, the relationships of these women with other members of their families, and particularly with their companion go unnoticed<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B06">6</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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When experiencing cancer in their wives, the spouses often become fragile. They fear not being able to support and provide proper care, to bear the concrete loss of their women, and to go through the mourning. Amid these new situations, as well as the needs they generate, they are in need of help, requiring their inclusion as a care target by the health services. The same way as women are placed in support groups, these partners should be similarly assisted because it is necessary that they feel supported in their psychosocial needs, empowered and educated about the disease and treatment<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B04">4</a></sup>,<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B07">7</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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Thus, this literature review was proposed aiming at bringing together, characterizing, evaluating and integrating primary studies that examined the experiences of husbands of women with breast cancer. The study presented the current state of knowledge seeking to expand the knowledge and the best scientific basis for the practice of targeted assistance to the partner.<br />
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<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"><b>METHOD</b></span></span></div>
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It is an integrative review of national and international literature that included the analysis of results of relevant studies that can provide support for decision making and the improvement of clinical practice<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B08">8</a></sup>)</sup>. The integrative review provides a synthesis of the state of knowledge of a particular theme, in addition to identifying gaps in knowledge that need to be filled with new studies. This research method allows to gather and synthesize multiple published studies, in addition to enabling general conclusions about a particular area of study<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B09">9</a></sup>)</sup>.<br />
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Six steps were used to conduct this integrative review, namely: identification of the theme and formulation of the guiding question; literature search and careful selection of studies; categorization of the studies retrieved; analysis of the studies included; interpretation of results and comparisons to other studies; report of the review and synthesis of knowledge evidenced in the studies<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B10">10</a></sup>)</sup>. In order to meet the study goals, the guiding question was defined: what has been investigated and published in the scientific community about the experiences of spouses of women with breast cancer?</span></div>
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The sample was composed of national and international scientific articles developed by healthcare professionals who investigated the spouses/partners of women with breast cancer. The literature survey was retrieved in the following databases: PUBMED (US National Library of Medicine), CINAHL (<em>Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature</em>), PsycoINFO – database of the American Psychological Association (APA), in the Research Portal of the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO).<br />
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The searches in the PUBMED, CINAHL, PsycINFO and VHL databases were carried out in May and June 2013, and, in the SciELO database, they were done in February 2014. All the searches were done through the search strategy combination of the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS): b <em>reast neoplasms / neoplasias da mama, qualitative research / pesquisa qualitativa, family /família, spouses /cônjuge</em>, and the keyword <em>breast cancer</em>, linked by the Boolean operators AND and OR <a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t01">Chart 1</a>. The PsycINFO database has its own descriptors, but the terms corresponded to the DeCS.</span></div>
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The established inclusion criteria were the following: qualitative primary research, available online, in the format of articles, in Portuguese, English or Spanish, and focused on the experience of spouses of women with breast cancer. The articles not related to the proposed theme that were not full text ones, free and available online in electronic databases, published in languages other than Portuguese, English or Spanish, and quantitative studies, were excluded. Articles repeated in different databases were considered only once. After reading the titles and abstracts of 304 initially retrieved studies, observing the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, a final sample of eight studies was obtained.</span></div>
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An instrument developed and validated by Ursi<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B11">11</a></sup>)</sup> and adapted for this study was used for characterization and data collection related to the methodology and results.</span></div>
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In order to obtain a thorough analysis of the contents of the studies, the information was collected from the complete reading of the eight articles included. First, information was characterized according to the following: database where they were indexed, titles of articles and journals, authors, country, language, year of publication, host institution, professional area of authors, publication design <a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t02">Chart 2</a>. The identification of those studies is arranged in numerical form, thus making their location easy.</span></div>
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Subsequently, the aims, the methodological aspects and results of studies were verified. In <a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t03">Chart 3</a>, the selection and the characterization process of the participants of the studies and the outcomes were presented. Afterwards, the findings of the results in relation to the goals of the studies were analysed and then grouped into themes for discussion.<br />
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<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"><b>RESULTS</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t01">Chart 1</a> shows the search strategy combination of the estabilished methodological terms for qualitative research and their results, respecting the use of appropriate terms to the databases.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span class="label" style="text-align: justify;">Chart 1 </span><span class="caption" style="text-align: justify;">Results of the search done in the databases, results of studies included and excluded in the review – Uberlândia, MG, 2013 </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t01"></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/reeusp/v48n5//0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf01.jpg" target="_blank"></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9qAjxxkxV4VvqzZf8U3moDTLtAyaFeHiQYYe9GPTl_eDh1M3UBnSIVXreefF7cHGe0SdpXwidNhOd_snvYJX8thltsr07-62HT4kWLbouO-yJgrnkHJGG29FsP8UsgcmTUuGkQi9R8eP/s1600/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf01.jpg" style="margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1600" height="auto" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9qAjxxkxV4VvqzZf8U3moDTLtAyaFeHiQYYe9GPTl_eDh1M3UBnSIVXreefF7cHGe0SdpXwidNhOd_snvYJX8thltsr07-62HT4kWLbouO-yJgrnkHJGG29FsP8UsgcmTUuGkQi9R8eP/s640/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf01.jpg" width="740" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span>After carefully observing the focus of the studies and the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of this review, three articles from VHL, one (1) from PUBMED, four from CINAHL, and none from the PsycINFO database were included. The articles from PsicINFO did not meet the goals or were not focused on the study of the husband only. Thus, 16 articles from CINAHL, 181 from VHL, 23 from PUBMED, 75 from PsycINFO and one from the SciELO were excluded from this review, amounting to 296 articles, as shown in </span><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t01">Chart 1</a><span>. An article was selected in the SciELO database, but it had already been selected in VHL, thus the decision was to keep it at the base where it was first found.</span></span></div>
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Part of the results is presented in <a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t02">Chart 2</a>, which characterizes the studies of this review. The eight articles were published between 2000 and 2012; an interval of time was not established seeking to gather a higher number of publications. They are nursing and medicine areas journals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span class="label">Chart 2 </span><span class="caption" style="text-align: justify;">Title of article, journal title, country, year, design/number of participants – Uberlândia, MG, 2013 padronizar format dos intervalos </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaGDSmUI7kr7vOpS6MN4w71kBk7g-dNyIJ3t_ZYWhyxKLUeyyHtxXVfYtZfn2AnPKyAsLgaT2O9LYHjpRjpAjEwJGHY0utYyQ5B0yGzaUoAaAShZjIdusQUiW0MZ_cF25A7vf4J-of97Fp/s1600/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf02.jpg" style="margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1600" height="auto" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaGDSmUI7kr7vOpS6MN4w71kBk7g-dNyIJ3t_ZYWhyxKLUeyyHtxXVfYtZfn2AnPKyAsLgaT2O9LYHjpRjpAjEwJGHY0utYyQ5B0yGzaUoAaAShZjIdusQUiW0MZ_cF25A7vf4J-of97Fp/s640/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf02.jpg" width="740" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#f01">Figure 1</a><span> provides the percentage of studies/year between 2000-2012. Note that 25% of the studies were published in 2012 alone.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVInQbilNxpn9VsK2j0_zhzIZFAoPS3Fm1QM4F6f95XMhs7j2UwaTgDHp2yx2KJj692wcadjfhKJGQwojGZNg9LWrD2HJ-V_-BkggsPfZZjaY46QdmHYd9b1KZMt2cnQB4XTKXUTJwArDw/s1600/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf03.jpg" style="margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="1332" height="auto" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVInQbilNxpn9VsK2j0_zhzIZFAoPS3Fm1QM4F6f95XMhs7j2UwaTgDHp2yx2KJj692wcadjfhKJGQwojGZNg9LWrD2HJ-V_-BkggsPfZZjaY46QdmHYd9b1KZMt2cnQB4XTKXUTJwArDw/s640/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf03.jpg" width="740" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span class="label" style="text-align: justify;">Figure 1 </span><span class="caption" style="text-align: justify;">Percentage of studies per year – Uberlândia, MG, 2013 </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="f01"></a></span></div>
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As for language, 63% (five articles) of the studies were published in English and 37% (three articles), in Portuguese. Although articles in Spanish could be used in the sample meeting the search criteria, no study in this language addressing the theme was indexed in the databases.</span></div>
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Regarding the professional area of authors, seven studies were developed by nursing professionals and only one by medical professionals.</span></div>
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In relation to the study designs that comprised the sample of this review, considering the aim of getting to know the spouses’ experience, only studies of the qualitative nature were selected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t03">Chart 3</a> shows the eight studies included in the review. Four (E4, E6, E7 and E8) described semi-structured interviews as the resource for data collection. Two articles (E1 and E5) described in-depth interviews, which is very close to the psychoanalytic nature. Through this design, motivations, desires, conflicts, fears, and also personality conflicts are known <sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B18">18</a></sup>)</sup>. It was also found that two studies (E2 and E3) did not describe the process of data collection.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span><span class="label">Chart 3 </span><span class="caption" style="text-align: justify;">Selection and characterization of participants according to the type of research and outcomes – Uberlândia, MG, 2013 </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBqtOeXe9bZLSdNJrzTtCbuJSLJ8Ulx44yUdrxE9G54rydjxaT9VF2m7fS0o-rwf0u0RlgZRCBaOag5r57qhk7JoNQe2mEgSx4xCjAWRc7UYTzIAukVgmdt3yq-umFBv4X7CWmtKR6LfPg/s1600/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf04.jpg" style="margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1316" data-original-width="1600" height="auto" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBqtOeXe9bZLSdNJrzTtCbuJSLJ8Ulx44yUdrxE9G54rydjxaT9VF2m7fS0o-rwf0u0RlgZRCBaOag5r57qhk7JoNQe2mEgSx4xCjAWRc7UYTzIAukVgmdt3yq-umFBv4X7CWmtKR6LfPg/s640/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf04.jpg" width="740" /></span></a></div>
<span class="caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">As to the aims established by the authors of the studies in this review, a description that is clear and easy to understand was observed. Three authors established the goals of exploring the experience of the spouses in face of the wives’ breast cancer (E2, E3 and E4), another article described the perception of the spouses in face of their wives’ mastectomy (E7), other authors aimed at describing the psychosocial effects and the mastectomy mastectomy from the husbands’ point of view and their perspective of this experience (E1), one article aimed at analyzing the participation of partners in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (E8), another identified the type of social support offered by sexual partners of women with breast cancer (E6), and finally, one study explored the sexual concerns of the husbands (E5).</span></span></div>
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Regarding the number of the study participants and selection process, great variation was observed, with quantitative from five to 48 spouses. As for the selection, three studies reported that the participants were selected from their wives’ procedures and or health care appointments, considering that a previous contact was established with patients with breast cancer, and then, with their partners (E1, E6 and E7); two studies described that the sample consisted of a subsample of larger studies, but did not bring details about the participants selection process (E2 and E4), and finally, the remaining three studies did not describe the method used for selecting the participants (E8, E5 and E3).</span></div>
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The theoretical frameworks used by the authors for the analysis and discussion of data were the following: the narrative analysis used to recap past experience through the combination of verbal sequence of sentences with the sequence of events that actually occurred<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B19">19</a></sup>)</sup>. The psychoanalytic theoretical framework that seeks to understand the human beings in their wholeness, drawing attention both to their physical aspects and their feelings and emotions<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B20">20</a></sup>)</sup>. The theoretical framework of grounded theory aimed at understanding the reality from the perception or meaning that a certain context or object has to the person, generating knowledge, increasing understanding, and providing a meaningful guide to the action<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B21">21</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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The age of the spouses participating in the study was quite broad, with a higher concentration of 50-year-olds. Other features related to the study participants’ sociodemographic data were not described by the authors; only two studies reported the belief / religion of the participants (E1 and E5); and a study (E5) described that 100% of its participants were Shiite Muslims.</span></div>
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None of the analyzed articles has proposed nor used intervention methods. The studies were focused on knowing/understanding the experience/perception of the spouses in face of their wives’ breast cancer.</span></div>
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Among the eight articles analyzed in this review, five of them predict practical applicability (E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5). The one that stood out was the <em>provision of whole care by a health team targeting the entire family, and thus, the spouses, not only the cancer patients</em>. Another highlight of practical applicability found in four of the studies (E2, E3, E4, E5) was <em>the creation of support groups for the spouses</em>, where they can meet other spouses and share their fears and anxieties.</span></div>
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Throughout the analysis of the study results, underlying categories and/or themes were identified. They stood out due to the similarity and relevance given by the authors, being found in several of the studies. Thus, the results of the articles that were part of this review were divided into eight categories and/or themes, as shown in <a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#t04">Chart 4</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span class="label" style="text-align: justify;">Chart 4 </span><span class="caption" style="text-align: justify;">Distribution of themes related to the investigation results of the articles in this review– Uberlândia, MG, 2013 </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t04"></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2zSm_W6nzmhirHhxpm1LwgjtETZG_ACu_92X5bSSXIf_o2yGyv8HSp-pgjX3bYdhRPrK0S0oGaT1l9jLNuDjLMCvy3XBS6KT4cGtgMqeKgHVnR_FbM-jPG4M_cyYJARwsW9VkNF7Ota6D/s1600/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf05.jpg" style="margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="449" data-original-width="1600" height="auto" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2zSm_W6nzmhirHhxpm1LwgjtETZG_ACu_92X5bSSXIf_o2yGyv8HSp-pgjX3bYdhRPrK0S0oGaT1l9jLNuDjLMCvy3XBS6KT4cGtgMqeKgHVnR_FbM-jPG4M_cyYJARwsW9VkNF7Ota6D/s640/0080-6234-reeusp-48-05-922-gf05.jpg" width="740" /></span></a></div>
<span class="caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">In general, it is observed that most of the studies, i.e., five (62.5%), approached 50 to 87.5% of the identified themes. The most frequently investigated topics were the following: theme 1: appeared in seven out of the eight studies, corresponding to 87.5%; themes 2, 3 and 4: appeared in five (62.5%) studies, respectively.</span></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>1 - Changes in the relationship after breast cancer</b></span></div>
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The diagnosis of breast cancer led to several changes in the couple’s life, among which, one worth mentioning is the <em>change in the marital relationship</em>. Two kinds were found: either amounting to the positive aspects prior to the discovery of cancer or bringing conflict to the couple’s relationship. Positive changes in the relationship after cancer was a theme found in the studies, except for E8. Spouses reported the strengthening of the existing love and the increase of unconditional support to their partners. In opposition to this first observation, where breast cancer has led to the couple’s closeness, the E2 and E4 studies found the negative impacts of the illness on the couple’s relationship; in this category, the cancer challenged and brought conflict to the relationship of some couples. The disease also had negative effects on the couple’s communication. Spouses especially reported the difficulty in talking about breast cancer.<br />
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Still as part of this theme, the spouses’ perceptions were identified in relation to the relationship with their wives, such as the strengthening of the bond of love, the perception of increased tenderness and a greater understanding. They also reported that they perceived themselves as important in their wives’ process of coping with the disease (E7).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>2 - Impaired sexual activity</b></span></div>
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The second category most frequently found in the speeches of the participants was present in the E1, E2, E4, E5, E6 and E7 studies, i.e., the decreased frequency of sexual intercourse due to breast cancer and its treatment. Despite this aspect, considered by many as negative, a change of focus in the marriage (quoting the participants) was identified, no longer focusing on the sexual aspect. Women were considered as the most important person in the husbands’ lives. Thus, they were concerned about supporting them, assuming that breast cancer is considered a threatening disease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>3 - Spouses as managers of the home / change in routine</b></span></div>
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This theme, found in the results of E1, E2, E4, E6 and E7, showed that breast cancer changed the family dynamics and the roles of the family members in the studies included. Many times the spouses added to their work activities the responsibility of the household chores and the care of their wives.<br />
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In addition to the double or even triple shift, the spouses also reported efforts to be physically present and give emotional support causing them a great weariness.</span></div>
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There was an evident perception of the participating spouses about the necessity and importance of the wives in parenting. This comprehension made them grateful for acknowledging what the wives had already done. However, it also triggered feelings of fear and powerlessness in face of the possibility of the wife’s absence (E7).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>4 - Hope/positive feelings about the cure of the wife’s disease</b></span></div>
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This theme was presented in the categories of the results of E1, E2, E3, E4 and E7. The spouses used hope and positivity as a way of coping with the suffering experienced from the moment of the diagnosis, throughout the treatment, reaching the rehabilitation phase or, sometimes, death. The authors also reported that many spouses kept hopeful as a way of supporting and understanding their wives.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>5 - Concealing/hiding real feelings</b></span></div>
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This theme was found in E2, E3, E4 and E8. Spouses often hid their real feelings, demonstrating positivity and hope, as a way to protect their wives, children and, even themselves, from suffering. Many felt that demonstrating their feelings would be proof of their weakness in face of the disease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>6 - Sadness and fear of losing the partner</b></span></div>
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This was a very present theme identified in E1, E2, E4 and E8. After the diagnosis of their wives’ breast neoplasms, there were mixed feelings involving the spouses, which can be attributed to the fact that cancer is still a disease very stigmatized by society, frequently associated with pain, suffering, disfigurement and death. Some of the common feelings experienced by spouses after their wives’ diagnosis are shock, disbelief, denial, anger, guilt, depression, anxiety, uncertainty, despair, fear, loss of control and isolation (E2 and E4).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>7 - Religious support during the process of coping with the disease</b></span></div>
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Theme found in three studies (E1, E3, and E7). Throughout the search of the cure of their wives’ disease, the spouses clung to the faith in God as a spiritual basis for dealing with moments of great suffering. The statements here reported indicated that the faith and belief in God enabled the adjustment to the new situation and improved the coping ability for both the women and their partners.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div>
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The perceptions of the spouses on the importance of believing in God strengthened the hope and the understanding during the illness, and brought comfort to them in face of the difficult moments of sadness, uncertainty, fear and insecurity (E7).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><b>8 - Lack of focus on the family</b></span></div>
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In the E1 and E4 studies, the lack of focus on the family was identified. It showed a gap between the treatment of women with breast cancer and their social and family context. The family is not included in the context of care by health professionals, and the focus turned solely to the woman with breast cancer, neglecting the social and family group to which she belongs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase;"><b>DISCUSSION</b></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="idm880848"></a><br />
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The articles used in the review were published between 2000 and 2012. Prior to 2000, no study related to the topic and indexed in the investigated databases was found. 25% of the studies of this review were published in 2012. Compared to the period between 2000 and 2005, there was the same number of publications, however, in a time-period five times greater. Despite the increasing number of studies on the theme, the production of published studies is still small. No other literature review addressing this issue or any other similar one were found, highlighting once again the importance of this and of new studies.</span></div>
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Nursing was the field in which more studies were found. As the cancer treatment is of high complexity, it involves different therapeutic approaches, requiring interdisciplinary team performance. It is important to integrate professionals from other health areas in research on this theme, which should not be restricted only to nursing professionals.</span></div>
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The qualitative research methodology has given participants the chance of expressing their experiences, perceptions and meanings. The semi-structured and in-depth interviews and the focus groups were the most used tools for collecting data and turning them into scientific knowledge. The interview enables establishing an open relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee, in order for the dialogue to flow spontaneously, making the research rich in details, with no rupture between the project and the goals<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B17">17</a></sup>)</sup>. Therefore, the strategies defined for data collection of the studies in this review were found to be appropriate in relation to the methodology and aims proposed by the researchers.</span></div>
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Only three studies (E1, E5 and E8) mentioned and described the theoretical framework. In order to understand the experience of the participants, the use of the theoretical framework is extremely important in the development of a qualitative research. The correct analysis and interpretation of the collected data will only be appropriate depending on the correct choice of a theoretical framework that provides background and support. Thus, this important component of the research was underestimated in the majority of the studies included (E2, E3, E4, E6 and E7), making them weak from the theoretical-reflective point of view. Many studies published as results of qualitative research, in fact, used only techniques for collecting qualitative data (semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, among others) without bringing a theoretical framework for the analysis and the discussion of the data.</span></div>
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In general, the published studies presented limited information on the characteristics of the participants and the sociodemographic data, preventing a broadened knowledge, invalidating the standardization of the collected information, and the further analysis of features that may be related to the socioeconomic status itself, such as habits, risk factors, among other extremely important aspects in the study of populations, as the one chosen for this review: husbands of cancer patients.</span></div>
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The authors of the studies included presented several recommendations for the practice of care. The need to know the patient’s family’s routine was the one that stood out. The family is a valuable component in fighting the disease and the care for the rehabilitation of women with breast cancer, offering support and emotional, spiritual and biopsychological attention, having an important place in this process<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B22">22</a></sup>)</sup>. Thus, the need for involving the family in the care of this woman became evident, but the family, including the spouse, must feel strong and able to provide such care, receiving the suitable support and education to cope with the situation.<br />
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Therapeutic groups focused on the husband appeared as a prominent recommendation among the authors. This resource must be thought as a space for sharing and strengthening of those men who have been willing to be with their wives, but suffer for not being qualified or even strengthened to do so. Hence, by working with multiprofessionals and in a multidisciplinary way, the health professionals shall seek strategies to enable this and other ways of providing for the husbands.</span></div>
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Throughout the findings, it was possible to identify the magnitude of the changes in the dynamics and in the personal life of the spouse, the family and also in the marital relationship. Moreover, the feelings that permeate the process of coping with the disease and the difficulties faced by these men to offer support and care. Often the roles carried out by the women prior to the illness are now taken over by the spouses.</span></div>
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Providing social support after the cancer diagnosis, and reducing the stress it causes are important tools for strengthening the bond between the couple, which are only achieved within a well-structured relationship or marriage. On the other hand, when there is a lack of structure in marital relations, the negative effects are reflected in the physical, social and emotional functions<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B23">23</a></sup>)</sup>. In many cases, cancer makes previously existing marital problems evident<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B13">13</a></sup>)</sup>, even causing the breakup of the relationship/marriage. The literature describes the importance of a good communication in the marital relationship, since <em>couples who do not communicate cannot maintain the much needed intimacy; without communication it is extinguished</em><sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B24">24</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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Due to the debilitating effects of the treatment of breast cancer for women, there is often a reversal of roles and routines concerning household chores. Changes become necessary in the family dynamics and with the husband taking over the role of the home manager. When women are diagnosed with breast cancer, especially in case of the surgical treatment - mastectomy –, a movement restriction of the upper limb was observed in most of them due to the axillary dissection on the side of the affected breast. Many times, the restriction may remain throughout the patient’s life and not just temporarily. Thus, a readaptation of the already established family routine is needed, with the main focus on household chores that are culturally assigned to women<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B12">12</a></sup>)</sup>.<br />
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The development of coping strategies, such as positivity and hope of cure, helps and ensures the family protection. It also makes it possible for the women to find their motivation by means of the love cherished by their relatives, especially the spouses who are engaged in the process<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B25">25</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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There are reports of the spouses hiding their feelings of fear as an attempt to protect their wives and families, but a clear communication between the couple and among the family members is essential. So that they can discuss their doubts, fears, anxieties and thus, go through a milder experience of the disease and treatment. Poor communication may impair coping, drive people away and make the course more painful. That sense of protection on behalf of the husbands can be justified due to the fact that cancer affects not only the women, but the family as a whole, especially the spouses<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B26">26</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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Studies have shown that the moments of greatest suffering for the spouses were in face of the breast cancer diagnosis, and when women underwent surgery as part of the treatment. However, the suffering is not restricted only to these two moments, but it lasts throughout the course, from the diagnosis up to the healing, the rehabilitation or the death<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B27">27</a></sup>)</sup>. These findings show that the health professionals are responsible for enlightening about the disease and the treatment. When instructed, the spouses feel more confident, less sad and less scared.</span></div>
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Faith was the main source of support and assistance mentioned by the spouses in times of difficulty during the cancer treatment of their wives. Faith enables a strengthening of understanding and hope, helping to overcome the challenge of facing the disease and the treatments, as well as providing better support to their partners. As the pain reduces, the hope of healing increases. The belief in God increases faith, trust in the healing and success at the end of the treatment. This bond to religion relieves the suffering and serves as a refuge<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B02">2</a></sup>,<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B06">6</a></sup>)</sup>.<br />
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Among other findings, this review allowed to identify a major flaw in the context of assistance to women with breast cancer, which is the lack of focus on the family and spouse. In general, health professionals have focused their assistance only on the patient, forgetting that there is often a family that needs attention, education and care. The diagnosis of breast cancer affects the entire family that faces times of great suffering. Emotions get unbalanced with the news of cancer in a loved relative. Hence, more focus should be given to assist the family by answering questions, giving consistent information on the treatment and continuously developing a process of education for the care and health promotion.</span></div>
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The need for the health professionals to establish effective communication became evident, creating strong ties with the whole family, not only with the women. Offering comprehensive listening and continuous support should also be part of the care provided by the health team, as it may help patients and families to strengthen their ties and relationships, resolving conflicts and thus, minimizing suffering<sup>(<sup><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0080-62342014000500922#B12">12</a></sup>)</sup>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase;">CONCLUSION</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="idm841024"></a><br />
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The results of this review enabled to deepen the knowledge on such an important topic and cast a critical eye on the knowledge produced in the national and international literature on the experience of the spouse in face of his wife’s breast cancer.</span></div>
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This review brought to light the existence of a significant gap in the care of women with breast cancer, since many relatives and spouses were not considered important components in this process. They were not included as participants and were neglected. As discussed throughout this review, the spouses also need care the same way as the women with cancer do. They need additional information about the illness of their wives, their treatment, and they need to receive attention to their emotional, social and sexual needs.</span></div>
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Given the importance of the theme, few studies have been found in the national and international literature addressing the experience of the spouses. This referred to the need of investing in research focused on this area.</span></div>
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Integrative review studies are relevant for the grouping and synthesis of knowledge, and for bringing subsidies for the evidence-based practice, the care in nursing stands out. The results derived from this study provided a scientific basis for the practice and improvement of care.</span></div>
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Finally, the importance of developing new studies is emphasized, for a deeper understanding of the experience of spouses who go through the breast cancer of their wives, and for seeking the development of care strategies for this specific group.<br />
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<span style="text-transform: uppercase;">REFERENCES</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="B22"></a>Funghetto SS, Terra MG, Wolff LR. Mulher portadora de câncer de mama: percepção sobre a doença, família e sociedade. Rev Bras Enferm. 2003;56(5):528-32 [ <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Links</a> ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="B23"></a>Ferreira MLSM, Franco CB, Queiroz FC. Construindo o significado da mastectomia: experiência de mulheres no pós-operatório. Rev Ciênc Med (Campinas). 2002;11(1):47-54 [ <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Links</a> ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="B24"></a>Cavalcanti M. Sexualidade humana: caminhos e descaminhos. Rev Bras Sex Hum. 1997;8(1):104-15 [ <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Links</a> ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="B25"></a>Bielemann VLM. A família cuidando do ser humano com câncer e sentido a experiência. Rev Bras Enferm. 2003;56(2):133-7 [ <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Links</a> ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="B26"></a>Melo EM, Silva RM, Almeida AM, Carvalho Fernádez AF, Rego CDM. Comportamentos da família diante do diagnostico de câncer de mama. Enferm Global [Internet]. 2007 [citado 2013 out. 22];(10). Disponível em: http://revistas.um.es/eglobal/article/viewFile/237/227 [ <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Links</a> ]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="B27"></a>Ell K, Nishimoto R, Mantell J, Hamovitch M. Longitudinal analysis of psychological adaptation among family members of patients with cancer. J Psychosom Res. 1988;32(4-5):429-38 [ <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Links</a> ]</span></div>
</div>
<div class="foot-notes" style="padding-top: 20px;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">
Received: November 29, 2013; Accepted: August 11, 2014</span></div>
</div>
<div class="author-notes">
<div class="corresp" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Roboto;">Correspondence: Anna Cláudia Yokoyama dos Anjos.
Campus Umuarama - Bloco 2U,
Av. Pará, 1720 - Bairro Umuarama.
CEP 38400-902 – Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
. <a href="mailto:annaclaudia1971@gmail.com%E2%80%A9">annaclaudia1971@gmail.com
</a></span></div>
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</div>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-85689449482160962332017-08-07T05:22:00.011+07:002023-08-28T23:06:41.723+07:00What It's Really Like to Get Chemotherapy?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; display: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTzLsZnIuxMye6m-XHz3rVic6MfkSGX6L6Pcfrds-4YUtCyW4XmRZHpSEvNGv4mmGfV32BrXwBGZkK2ZuuXsS0YGKalFn3Mq78agO0eImEgNEw7nGbocn-yE7PcxaDq9Q50YMDC-tm8yiIalJMJJ1S-bOTJhVNskUTFrjsajmF3TO9ZRQnFTezvHBXHSKe/s1600/krysta%20rodrigues.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTzLsZnIuxMye6m-XHz3rVic6MfkSGX6L6Pcfrds-4YUtCyW4XmRZHpSEvNGv4mmGfV32BrXwBGZkK2ZuuXsS0YGKalFn3Mq78agO0eImEgNEw7nGbocn-yE7PcxaDq9Q50YMDC-tm8yiIalJMJJ1S-bOTJhVNskUTFrjsajmF3TO9ZRQnFTezvHBXHSKe/s1600/krysta%20rodrigues.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Actress <b>Krysta Rodriguez</b> just finished seven months of chemo. Here, she answers every question you've ever had about the cancer treatment.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjjYpShxB97XAk-aMVlQHYaQloRhjOwQv9il3bRcJjhYSmPi2k8U-zDzvp9kGn4ruj-gHOPfwNfWdiITQGHylzeLr38Z-Qdf7Nf6l16vC_5yvlzg8AuPmJa7ga64O9Vedc-CQ3hzfalh-a0pr4eIc0brDEQAC7gpM38N_VeIrNQ1hMCmJCoTQFdQeVllWF/s1600/krysta.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 0em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjjYpShxB97XAk-aMVlQHYaQloRhjOwQv9il3bRcJjhYSmPi2k8U-zDzvp9kGn4ruj-gHOPfwNfWdiITQGHylzeLr38Z-Qdf7Nf6l16vC_5yvlzg8AuPmJa7ga64O9Vedc-CQ3hzfalh-a0pr4eIc0brDEQAC7gpM38N_VeIrNQ1hMCmJCoTQFdQeVllWF/s1600/krysta.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span>By Krysta Rodriguez</span></div>
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<span>May 7, 2015</span></div>
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<span>1.8k</span></div>
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I've been waiting for this day for seven months. There has been a red circle around this day since I was diagnosed with cancer, and I've kept my eye on it relentlessly until it finally arrived. My last day of chemo! So since I've walked through the fire and come out the other side, it's time to share some of my new expertise with you.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is the process like exactly?</b></span></div>
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I have to admit, chemo is a real snoozefest. Literally! Let me explain. For my particular cancer, I would go into the treatment center every three weeks to receive a dose of two different types of medicine. When I arrived each time, I was led into a large room with big comfy reclining chairs with about 15 or 20 other patients who were receiving treatment. They would take my blood first to make sure all my white blood cell counts are stable. Once I got the all-clear, the nurse would put an IV in my arm (still my least favorite part of my whole cancer experience) and that would administer a hefty cocktail of pre-meds to ease my body into the hard stuff. This is a mixture of Benadryl, Ativan, and steroids to get you nice and loopy. Bye, bye, brain! Having Benadryl pumped directly into your veins is like playing a game of trying to remain coherent, which I would undoubtedly lose. But it's a good thing because each of my chemo meds had to drip into my veins for two hours. That's four hours of chemo fun that I would just as soon sleep through, thank you very much. All total, I was usually there for six hours but practically unconscious for about four of that. Not exactly beauty sleep, but I'll never pass up a nap.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How often do you have to go?</b></span></div>
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I went every three weeks for six treatments. We had initially agreed to try four, but an MRI revealed the tumor was getting smaller so we opted for the extra two to keep that sucker shrinking!</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Do you get nervous before each treatment, or are you used to it?</b></span></div>
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I wouldn't say "nervous" is the right word. Sure, there were a lot of unknowns, especially before I began the process, but by the time I walked into the treatment center for my first round, my resolve had reach Hulk-like proportions. I practically kicked down the door chanting, "What do we want? Chemo! When do we want it? NOW!" My body needed me to step up and I had to answer the call. If that meant going through a little slice of hell, then so be it. That assuredness lessened as the treatments went on. Once you've experienced the side effects, it's hard to psyche yourself into returning to the scene of the crime. I would find myself getting sad or anxious in the days leading up to another dose. I think my body just knew what was in store and wasn't ready. But for me, mental strength was key, and I would allow these moments to happen but not dwell on them.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Do you talk to the other patients there?</b></span></div>
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This is always an interesting conundrum. At my center, everyone is in the same room so there's a balancing act between trying to leave someone alone and acknowledging that we can see and hear everything you do. In general, most people keep to themselves with the occasional group conversation when a nurse comes to check on someone. But I have had some comforting chats with other patients. It's a great opportunity to share your story or gather information from other people's journeys. The camaraderie can be very powerful.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>When you go for treatment, are you one of the youngest people there?</b></span></div>
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Let me put it this way: Before I went bald, when my mom would come with me to appointments, the doctors or nurses immediately thought she was the patient and then would stare at me slack-jawed when I told them I was actually the one with cancer. Breast cancer is not typically a young person's game, so, yes, I'm about 20 years younger than most people there. But since my medication put me into menopause, we all have a lot in common. We fan ourselves through our hot flashes and gab about not having a period.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Does it hurt?</b></span></div>
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Besides the prick of the needle (Did I already mention how much I hate that?), the actual process isn't painful. The effects afterward have some pain associated with it, but the drip itself is very gentle.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Do you feel sick during it or after?</b></span></div>
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The short answer is no. The pre meds are designed to prep your body in a way that the side effects don't hit you until days later. But I did have an instance where I got sick during a treatment. Fun fact: Taxotere, a common chemo drug, is made from the bark of a tree. Turns out, my body hates this tree. During my second treatment I had an allergic reaction to the drugs. I was minding my own business, right about to settle into my Ativan haze, when my chest and throat closed up, my whole body and scalp turned red, and I got so dizzy the room started spinning. They immediately stopped the drip, but it was a scary few minutes. We changed that drug to Taxol for the next time and stayed with that for the remaining four sessions.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What are the side effects really like? When do they kick in?</b></span></div>
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From what I can gather from other people, each person's side effects are different. There are some consistent ones, but everyone reacts uniquely. For me, the major side effects were nausea, bone pain, insomnia, and neuropathy with the occasional rash thrown in. And, of course, a shiny new scalp. One thing that's nice is that the effects are fairly consistent for each treatment. I kept a diary and was able to track each cycle pretty accurately. I would get a treatment on a Thursday and leave feeling fine and basically normal, thanks to the pre meds. Friday, I would be tired because I couldn't sleep but would feel mostly normal. But on that day, I would get a shot that would stimulate the white blood cells that are being diminished from the chemo. So by Saturday, hello, bone pain. It's the worst. The cells are getting stimulated inside your marrow so the inside of your bones hurt. Remember getting growing pains as a kid? It's like that, but someone told your bones they need to be Shaquille O'Neal overnight. Then by day four, the nausea really sets in, but the anti-nausea medication I was prescribed helped tremendously. The neuropathy would come into my feet a few days after that, which made it hard to walk. The body is attempting to rid itself of the chemo by releasing it through your pores, so your hands and feet take the brunt of this "great escape." I had acute pain and redness in my extremities, but once I realized that, I stayed off my feet. Then, voilà! It's Thursday again, and I would feel basically normal.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Is it only inpatient, or is there any follow-up at home?</b></span></div>
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For me it was only the treatment with a follow-up blood test and the bone shot. Others have to stay in the hospital or have more side effects to manage</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Does everyone lose his or her hair? If so, what is that experience like?</b></span></div>
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When I came in for my first treatment, the nurse handed my mother a War and Peace-size packet of side effects. She wanted us to have the information at hand but didn't want me to read them all in case I WebMD'd myself into a rabbit hole. Instead, she handed me a single sheet of paper with the major side effects that were going to be most likely. Only one was highlighted: hair loss. With the meds I was on, it was a guarantee. People informed me of some ways around it using cold caps that counteract the chemo, but I wanted to allow the medication to do what it needed to do so I didn't explore those options. Instead I had a head shave party!</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Does it grow back with the same texture? Thicker or thinner?</b></span></div>
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Your guess is as good as mine! I just had my last treatment so I'm looking forward to seeing what sprouts up!</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Do you lose hair everywhere?</b></span></div>
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I'm telling you, chemo has saved me a ton of money in hair maintenance. I wish I could choose the parts I don't want it to grow back! Yes, it leaves everywhere. Sometimes that's great, and sometimes it's disappointing. My underarm hair went first, and it was so fast I didn't even notice it. Maybe four days after my first treatment, I went to shave under there, and it was smooth as a baby. I practically had a burning ceremony for my razor. Next was the head hair. That was about two weeks into it, and I took matters into my own hands in that case. Next was the bikini line. It's amazing. Best Brazilian I've ever gotten. If only it didn't come with those pesky side effects! The leg hair quickly followed, but wouldn't you know, my ape-like arm hair that I have hated since childhood stuck around for months. I guess even chemo was no match for my forest of Latina forearms. By the fourth treatment, my eyebrows finally started thinning noticeably, and there are large gaps in my eyelashes but they didn't fall out completely. They must have made a combo deal with the arm hair.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Has it affected what you've been able to eat?</b></span></div>
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Sometimes I wish it had. No, I went the opposite direction as most people and craved food all hours of the day. Breads, pastas, meats, anything large and hearty. My doctors were amazed. With the sloshy nausea, all I wanted was solid and greasy comfort food all the time. The scale reflected this desire, and I have gained 20 pounds and counting since starting treatment. Chemo may be a nice skin and beauty surprise, but it's certainly not my diet of choice!</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What should I not say to or ask someone going through it?</b></span></div>
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I've actually made a list that answers exactly that question! Check it out here.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How do you feel about people who choose not to get chemo and pursue holistic options? </b></span></div>
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I'm a worst-case scenario planner. I always have been. So in certain quiet moments in my life, I would imagine how I would react to getting cancer. I envisioned throwing out my microwave and moving to an organic farm, and my cancer would melt away with each harvest sunrise. And then I got cancer. Somehow, when it was presented to me, that route didn't ring true anymore. I gathered a lot of opinions and decided that I would do it my way: a mix of traditional and holistic. I did throw out my microwave and drastically altered my diet. I also did chemo. I used turmeric pills instead of narcotics for pain because I found them more effective. I basically tried to do anything that worked the best, and wasn't discriminant if it was natural or conventional. I let the best treatment win. It comes down to this for me: If there were one way to cure cancer, we would have cured cancer. We are all just making our way through unpredictable terrain, and however you want to do that is your prerogative.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What would surprise people most about chemo treatments?</b></span></div>
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What surprised me the most was how normal life could be surrounding chemo. After the week of feeling crappy, I would feel completely back to myself. It was as if I was living a double life. Secret Agent Rodriguez reporting for duty! So you can still act the same around your friends with cancer. Give them some space if they feel yucky that day, but as soon as they feel good, they are going to want some normalcy. And in my case, a large pizza.</div>
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RELATED:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="http://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/a38683/krysta-rodriguez-chasing-life/" target="_blank"><span>The Amazing Thing That Happened When I Started Being Open About Having Cancer</span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/a38428/krysta-rodriguez-cancer-bald-wigs/" target="_blank"><span>What I Learned About Myself by Going Out Bald in Public</span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/a38100/things-not-to-say-to-someone-with-cancer/" target="_blank"><span>8 Things Not to Say to Someone Who Has Cancer</span></a></li></ul>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Follow Krysta on <a href="https://twitter.com/KRYSTAR0DRIGUEZ" target="_blank">Twitter.</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
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NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-31048584862287312912017-08-07T04:47:00.006+07:002023-08-29T06:37:51.324+07:00Cancer - when medical treatments did not cure anything<div id="article-content" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">By <b>Dr. Chris Teo PhD</b></span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Cancer is a serious illness. It is also a "misrepresented and misunderstood" illness. Patients go to their doctors hoping to be cured of their cancers. Often, they failed to find that elusive cure. My experience showed me that those patients who have cancer for the first time and who have no relatives or friends with cancer before, have the misconceived notion that medical science can cure cancer. They would say: "What is the problem, with my money and the best doctors, the best hospitals and the best chemo-drugs, the problem can be easily fixed."</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">For more than twelve years now, I have been involved with terminally ill cancer patients who come to seek my help after medical science have failed them. It is very frustrating to know that patients are just naïve. They went to their doctors with total belief and expectation that their cancer can be cured. They do not seem to understand that the responsibility to get well and to maintain their own health is with them, not the doctors. They prefer to leave everything to the so-called "experts." The story below is one example of what I often encounter.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">In March 2007, I received a phone call from a long-lost friend. He wanted me to help his wife, Betty (not real name) who had just been diagnosed with brain cancer. As I went through his wife's medical history, it turned out to be more than a "sudden" diagnosis of brain cancer.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">In 2001, when Betty was forty-five years old, she underwent a total hysterectomy due to a 20 x 22 cm left ovarian tumour. The surgeon did not recommend any follow up treatment after the surgery. The impression Betty had was that: "Everything is taken out and it is all clean."</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Everything seemed to be alright for Betty after this surgery. She did not go further than that and like most people, she was satisfied that she was well taken of. The surgery was the "proven" answer to her problem.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">In early 2004, Betty had difficulty moving her bowels. A big tumour was found in her colon and she underwent a surgery to remove it. The histopathology report dated 27 April 2004 indicated that her colon was distended up to the terminal ileum. The splenic flexure showed a tight stricture resulting in a blind loop gut. Betty was eventually diagnosed with a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon, stage B. Since no lymph nodes were involved, the surgeon did not see any need to give her any follow up treatment. Betty was again given the impression that everything was well taken of.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Three years later, in March 2007, Betty had headaches and lost her balance when walking. She also vomited. MRI of Betty's brain on 26 March 2007, showed the presence of "an irregular 3.2 x 3.0 x 1.8 cm loculated enhancing lesion in the left cerebellum. There was associated surrounding edema with compression of the midline structures." Doctors advised immediate surgery. The surgeon impressed upon the husband that without immediate surgery Betty's cancer would spread like wild fire.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Betty's husband came to seek my advice. I cautioned that resection of the tumour from the brain might not solve her problem. It could worsen the situation. Most probably the tumour would recur and often very soon too. In addition, a CT scan showed that there was a 3 x 3.8 cm mass at the base of Betty's right lung. There was also a 5 mm hypodense nodule in segment 4 of her liver. Betty also had gallstone. So to say that the cancer can spread fast is ill founded - for the cancer had already spread to her lung and liver.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Based on the "fear" expounded by the doctors, Betty underwent surgery. Histopathology report dated 2 April 2007 confirmed "tubulovillous adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain, consistent with primary in the colon."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">After surgery, Betty was asked to undergo chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Betty was told that if she did not go for chemotherapy she would have only six months to live. With chemotherapy and radiotherapy Betty could expect to live for another two to three years. She would need six to eight cycles of chemotherapy, at about RM 2,000 per cycle. Since Betty was told that her cancer could not be cured, she declined further medical treatment.</span><br />
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Betty was started on herbs on 8 April 2007. After the surgery, she appeared normal and was able to eat well. However, her husband noticed the change of mood in her. She had bad temper, often had mood swings and did not want to socialize. She seemed to have memory loss. In short, Betty after surgery was not like the Betty before the surgery.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Barely two months later, Betty felt dizzy and nauseaous again - the very symptoms she had before being diagnosed with brain tumour. She would vomit even with the slightest smell of herbs. MRI of the brain on 11 June 2007, showed the presence of a "large irregular 3 x 4 cm mass in the left cerebellum. A similar 1.5 x 1.5 cm area was seen in the left temporal lobe. Surrounding edema was noted. The 4th ventricle was slightly compressed." The radiologist concluded: "Left temporal and cerebellar metastasis."</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;">Betty remained at home under hospice care. She vomited everything that was put into her mouth. She felt dizzy with the slightest of movement and she was not able to move her bowels. Unfortunately, there was nothing much that could be done.</span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="color: #333333;">For more information about complementary cancer therapy visit: </span><a href="http://www.cacare.com/" rel="" style="color: #a64d79;" target="_blank">http://www.cacare.com</a><span style="color: #a64d79;">,</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span>[<span style="color: #a64d79;"><a href="http://www.naturalhealingforyou.com" target="_blank">http://www.naturalhealingforyou.com</a></span><span style="color: #333333;">], </span><a href="http://www.bookoncancer.com/" rel="" style="color: #610000;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #a64d79;">http://www.BookOnCancer.com</span></a></span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="color: #333333;">Article Source: </span><a href="http://ezinearticles.com/expert/Chris_Teo,_Ph.D./55108" style="color: #610000;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #a64d79;">http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Chris_Teo,_Ph.D./55108</span></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Article Source: </span><a href="http://ezinearticles.com/637487" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">http://EzineArticles.com/637487</a></span></div>
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</span></span>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-28931720876423695672017-08-07T01:13:00.009+07:002023-08-28T21:03:11.078+07:00Breast Cancer Statistics<div class="node-body" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and the second most common cancer overall. </div><div style="text-align: center;">It is a leading cause of cancer death in less developed countries </div><div style="text-align: center;">and the second leading cause of cancer death in American women, exceeded only by lung cancer.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit;">Around the World:</span></div>
<section class="single-col-region region-second" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-field-info-section" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 740px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="pane-content" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field field-name-field-info-section field-type-text-long field-label-hidden" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-items" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" property="" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px 20px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Nearly 1.7 million new breast cancer cases were diagnosed in 2012.</span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women and men worldwide. In 2012, it represented about 12 percent of all new cancer cases and 25 percent of all cancers in women.</span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in 140 of 184 countries worldwide.</span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Globally, breast cancer now represents one in four of all cancers in women. </span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Since 2008, worldwide breast cancer incidence has increased by more than 20 percent. Mortality has increased by 14 percent.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div></li></ul><div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: inherit;"></span><a href="http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-specific-cancers/breast-cancer-statistics" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">According to the World Cancer Research Fund International</span></a></span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #343434; font-size: 1em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">In the United States:</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women after skin cancer.</span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">231,840 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women in 2015. </span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">62,570 new cases of breast carcinoma in situ (non-invasive, has not invaded nearby tissue), including ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ.</span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">40,290 women will die from breast cancer.</span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">2,350 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in men. </span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">440 men will die from breast cancer. </span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The five-year relative survival rate for female invasive breast cancer patients has improved from 75 percent in the mid-1970s to 90 percent today. </span></li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The five-year relative survival rate for women diagnosed with localized breast cancer (cancer that hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or outside the breast) is 98.5 percent. In cancer that has spread to nearby lymph nodes (regional stage) or to distant lymph nodes or organs (distant stage), the survival rate falls to 84 percent or 24 percent, respectively.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">There are more than 2.8 million breast cancer survivors in the U.S., including women still being treated and those who have completed treatment. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/index" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/index" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span>According to the American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2015</span></a></span></div></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit;"><b>For More Information:</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #343434; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><ol><li><a href="http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/index" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The American Cancer Society</span></a></li><li><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><a href="http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-042725.pdf" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">The American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2013-2014</a><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </strong></span></li><li><a href="http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/index" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">The American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2015</span></a></li><li><a href="http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">National Cancer Institute SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Breast Cancer</span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.wcrf.org/cancer_statistics/data_specific_cancers/breast_cancer_statistics.php" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">World Cancer Research Fund International</span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2013/pdfs/pr223_E.pdf" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">World Health Organization</span></a></li></ol>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="color: #343434; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">If you’d like additional information about breast cancer, survivorship, prevention or other cancer-related topics, we suggest visiting these reputable sites to learn more about all aspects of the disease. We recommend the </span><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cf0072; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">National Cancer Institute’s</a><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> comprehensive site as a first stop.</span></span></div>
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</section>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-46909437344434524192017-08-07T00:38:00.009+07:002023-08-28T21:58:17.974+07:0017 Cancer Facts You Need to Know<div class="separator" style="clear: both; display: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht6OVzwtntWTgAaESyx_xm8OiJ_MshCikIQ3l0clH4z9O___6tcHFQcz0i_hZhByFgWVJj5JJgDlZOdTJb6KdoxNOxw-dVUNbiZEitj4xvK_DfE3fe5g-t_Rg2e7v9AwW6E0gEVBXTUAkn77Ncf1DKV5ROmqJbjy77082g2aQvEwoArflGEqYxYBmNVUI0/s1000/17-10.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht6OVzwtntWTgAaESyx_xm8OiJ_MshCikIQ3l0clH4z9O___6tcHFQcz0i_hZhByFgWVJj5JJgDlZOdTJb6KdoxNOxw-dVUNbiZEitj4xvK_DfE3fe5g-t_Rg2e7v9AwW6E0gEVBXTUAkn77Ncf1DKV5ROmqJbjy77082g2aQvEwoArflGEqYxYBmNVUI0/s320/17-10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span face=""roboto" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0459a2; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><b>17 Cancer Facts You Need to Know</b></span><br />
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Cancer is one of the most well-known topics on the planet, yet there is so much that can reduce your personal risk of developing cancer that you might not know.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Cancer is the #2 killer in developed countries and #1 in underdeveloped countries. </span></div>
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Right now, due to poor lifestyle habits, poor diet, lack of information, the medical community’s refusal to embrace holistic therapies, and the exorbitant cost of conventional cancer treatment… 35% of those who develop cancer do not survive the disease.</span></div>
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Get the Cancer Facts</span></h2>
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Know what you can do right now to lower your risk and prevent cancer from stealing your life or the life of someone you love. Know what you can do to fight this disease and win.</span></div>
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What you need is <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">working knowledge</em> about cancer. Who is most at risk? What factors increase cancer risk in the population at large? <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">What can you do to get or stay cancer-free?</span></span></div>
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Even when you <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">know</em>, mentally and physically, that specific lifestyle choices raise or lower your cancer risk… you might not act until it’s too late. The time to act is now!</span></div>
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17 Cancer Facts You Need to Know Right Now</span></h3>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Prevention</span></h4>
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Scientific experts worldwide agree that at least half of all cancers and cancer-related deaths are preventable. In 2012, <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">two million deaths globally</span> were attributed to cancer according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing half of those deaths is an excellent place to start.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Definition</span></h4>
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Cancer is the single name assigned to more than 100 diseases. Though cancer was once referred to as a “wasting disease,” it’s actually the result of abnormal cells that multiply and spread out of control, damaging healthy cells along the way. Most cancers result in tumors but those that affect the blood do not. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Cancer can occur in any part of your body.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Genetics</span></h4>
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Only a very small percentage of cancers (between 5-10%) have a genetic link. When the “experts” tell you most cancers are genetic, they’re not being truthful. However, despite the statement that research confirms most patients didn’t inherit some mysterious “cancer curse” from their parents, immediate families tend to have the same habits, eat the same foods, and are exposed to the same toxins. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">That’s a cancer fact that makes sense.</span> Cleaning up your diet, exercising, and detoxification are extremely important for every member of your family</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Pollution</span></h4>
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Environmental factors can increase your risk of cancer. The air you breathe, the water you drink, and the food you eat are all important. Pollution, heavy metal toxicity, and even personal care and household cleaning products can damage the cells in your body. Your home and workplace are the two places you spend the majority of your time. Evaluating (and then reducing) the possible toxins you’re exposed to on a daily basis is a strong step to cancer prevention.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Smoking</span></h4>
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More than 90% of all lung cancer cases are caused by smoking and 22% of all cancer deaths are due to lung cancer resulting from smoking. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Tobacco product use is the most preventable cause of cancer worldwide.</span> Survival rates for lung cancer are less than 20% and if you’re a smoker who’s exposed to inhaled toxins where you work, your chance of survival drops to just over 3%. It’s the carcinogenic chemicals used in the process of manufacturing tobacco products that cause cancer – not the tobacco itself. A single cigarette contains 69 known cancer-causing carcinogens and over 4,000 chemicals. Someone dies from lung cancer every 30 seconds around the world… about the time it took you to read this paragraph.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Sleep</span></h4>
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This is a cancer fact that many don’t see coming. Sleep deprivation – defined as getting less than six hours of sleep per day – increases your risk of colon cancer. Recent studies also showed a higher risk of cancer among those who work night shift schedules. It makes sense. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">The benefit of healing sleep is one of the most underestimated ways to keep your body strong and cancer-free.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Children</span></h4>
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Every day, more than 40 children are diagnosed with cancer in the U.S. alone – with 175,000 thousand children being diagnosed worldwide each year. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Cancer is the #1 disease killer of children</span>. Today, cancer (and cancer treatments) will claim the lives of four American children – more than complications from congenital birth defects, type 1 diabetes, and asthma combined. The survival rates among children with cancer are not improving because the conventional treatments (chemo and radiation) make things worse and there’s very little emphasis on finding the cause rather than merely treating symptoms.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Nitrates</span></h4>
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Popular cold cuts, sausage, hot dogs, and bacon contain nitrates. They’re listed on the label as sodium nitrate and potassium nitrite. Nitrates are chemical additives used in processed meats to preserve them and add flavor. Preparation with high heat and ingestion causes a chemical reaction with the digestive fluids in your body, converting nitrates to nitrites, which is a <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">known carcinogen</span>. Nitrates also filter into groundwater from the use of fertilizer – so be sure to filter your drinking water.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Mortality</span></h4>
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Globally, one in every eight deaths is caused by cancer. A painful cancer fact is that this disease causes more deaths than malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS combined. Approximately 70% of cancer deaths occur to those of low and middle incomes. In the United States, <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">cancer is listed as the cause in close to 1/4 of <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">all</em> deaths and is the <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">leading</em> cause of death in people aged 45-64 according to the CDC.</span> Currently, there are about 33 million cancer survivors around the world (within 5 years of diagnosis).</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Women</span></h4>
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Breast, colorectal, lung & bronchus, cervical, and stomach cancer are the most common types worldwide for which women are diagnosed (new cases) according to statistics gathered by WHO. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">In the U.S., breast cancer alone accounts for close to 1/3 of new cancer cases.</span> Early detection increases breast cancer survival rates substantially.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Men</span></h4>
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Lung & bronchus, prostate, colorectal, stomach, and liver are the most common types worldwide for which men are diagnosed (new cases), according to statistics gathered by WHO. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">In the U.S., prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. </span><a href="https://thetruthaboutcancer.com/warning-signs-of-prostate-cancer/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: blue; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">Discover the signs of prostate cancer here</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Age</span></h4>
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In economically developed countries, 58% of cancer diagnoses are in people 65 years of age or older. In developing countries, people over 65 account for 40% of new cancer cases.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Obesity</span></h4>
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Research has confirmed that obesity increases your risk of cancer as well as every other major disease or condition. It can also affect your chances of survival should you be diagnosed. In one study of post-menopausal women with breast cancer, the survival rates were higher in women who maintained a healthy body weight. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Prediabetes increases your risk of cancer by 15% in addition to the risk from obesity.</span> In the United States, two-thirds of the population is considered overweight or obese. It is estimated that half of all American adults have diabetes or pre-diabetes and many might not realize they have it. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Detection</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">You may experience <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">no symptoms</em> of ovarian cancer, lung cancer, or colon cancer</span> until the cancer cells spread to other areas of your body. Early screening is imperative to catching these cancers in time.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Skin</span></h4>
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Non-melanoma skin cancers are not tracked in cancer registries, but skin cancer is the most common cancer. Every year, skin cancer cases increase steadily. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Mainstream science (and the sunscreen industry) blames exposure to the sun, but this is not accurate.</span> Smart sun exposure increases your body’s production of vitamin D (via the interaction of UV light with cholesterol in your skin). Just 30 minutes of early morning or late afternoon unprotected time with sun on your hands and face may be enough for your body to produce this critical vitamin. However you must avoid burning! Sunscreen blocks the rays that help in vitamin D production and contains chemicals such as octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) which kills lab mice cells at low doses, increases in toxicity when exposed to sunlight, and is present in 90% of sunscreen brands! Since sunscreen is applied directly to the skin, it immediately enters your bloodstream to wreak havoc on your body at the cellular level.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Apoptosis</span></h4>
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Healthy cells have a built-in directive to commit “cell suicide” called apoptosis. This is the process by which the cell recognizes that damage is present and destroys itself to protect the rest of the body. In cancer cells, this automatic process is absent but scientists don’t know why. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and heart disease have all been linked to a breakdown in apoptosis.</span> There are foods proven to force this process to engage in cancer cells, destroying them naturally and safely.<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Nutrition</span></h4>
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What you eat matters. The most common cancer-causing foods are refined sugar and flour, soda, microwave popcorn, food in cans produced with BPA, grilled or processed meat, and hydrogenated oils. The choices you make every day can raise or lower your personal cancer risk. As mentioned in #16, there are specific foods that trigger damaged cells (such as those that lead to cancer) to self-destruct via apoptosis. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Green tea, berries, turmeric, avocados, garlic, kale, and even dark chocolate are just a few that target and destroy cancer cells.</span> You can prevent and fight cancer from the inside out!</span></div>
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<a href="https://thetruthaboutcancer.com/join-free/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: blue; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: small;"><img alt="17 Cancer Facts Every Person Needs to Know" class="aligncenter wp-image-9566 size-full lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="https://d2v4vjmuxdiocn.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/TTAC-Cancer-Facts-Graphic-1.jpg" height="667" src="https://d2v4vjmuxdiocn.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/TTAC-Cancer-Facts-Graphic-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 622px; text-align: justify;" width="1000" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">The most important cancer fact you need to know is that…</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium;">Good Choices = Good Health</span></h2>
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Sometimes making the right choices for your body is hard. It can be easy to get into a rut of eating comfort foods, not exercising, and smoking. Good health and staying cancer free takes some discipline. What you eat, drink, and do with your body directly impacts your risk.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">A healthy diet, plenty of water, adequate rest, regular exercise, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and (in general) treating your body as well as you’d like your body to treat you are the front line defense against all disease – especially cancer.</span></div>
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Now, it’s possible that you do everything right and still get sick. That’s a harsh truth, but every expert will confirm that you dramatically reduce your risk of cancer and other disease by simply… loving yourself. Your body is the only home you have to live in so treat it well. Never stop learning about ways to prevent, fight, and conquer cancer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Live your life without the threat of cancer. Go </span><a href="http://thetruthaboutcancer.com/join-free/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: blue; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">here</span></a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"> to be notified each week about new, cutting-edge information that impacts your health.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #45818e;"><span face=""source sans pro" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">Follow what they discussed with the respective author of this article</span></span><span style="color: #45818e;"><span face=""source sans pro" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="https://thetruthaboutcancer.com/17-cancer-facts-every-person-needs-know/" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></div>
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</div>NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-38450268581980089092017-08-06T23:18:00.003+07:002023-08-27T18:40:27.007+07:00Breast Cancer; ONE Fact A Day!<div class="blog-sec-top" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
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<span><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog">BREAKTHROUGHS</a></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">FOR OCTOBER, HERE ARE </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 30px;">31</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> FACTS (ONE A DAY) </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>ABOUT BREAST CANCER</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">September 30, 2014 | by <b>Nicole White</b></span></div>
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Beyond the pink ribbons, special product fundraisers, and the pastel sea of color that marks October, Breast Cancer Awareness Month offers a reason to celebrate and to reflect.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto; font-style: italic;"><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; height: inherit;"><img alt="hands in for breast cancer" class="size-medium wp-image-15519" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNAMEfoBfFVcv_0AkKnbJKVGvs6cHrY9pFLuqb82IXNAqPwphV3cL3NAsyZFmCjp58QvsXKvsfiF8RX4R_A742kexKVAktnXYwmjIQ1zaF1UacEsBPqpHVNceyTFZ-nFjQZ4ElL-QH5mzDpp1XZPVtagoxuwRb8yGMG7V3NmB-PBJCPiReJOlEKVv9cg=w1005-rw" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: inherit; max-width: 100%; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span><br />
</span><i>Breast Cancer Awareness Month celebrates the 2.8 million survivors of breast cancer, and emphasizes the need to continue research to cure the disease.</i>
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More than 2.8 million breast cancer survivors live in the U.S. They are survivors of the second most-common cancer in women, behind skin cancer, and survival rates continue to climb due to better treatments and increased screening that finds cancers when they are most treatable.</span></div>
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Another reason credited for the increased survival rates: Awareness. With women more knowledgeable about warning signs, the importance of self-exams, treatment options and second opinions, they are better prepared than ever before to confront a breast cancer diagnosis – something an estimated one in eight women will do in her lifetime.</span></div>
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But breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death in women, second only to lung cancer. So, in the spirit of heightening awareness – and screening, we offer one fact about breast cancer for every day in October:</span></div>
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1. The leading risk factor for breast cancer is simply being a woman. Though <a href="http://breakthroughs.cityofhope.org/cancer-diagnosis-patient-advice-don-hoffman" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer does occur in men</a>, the disease is <a href="http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancerinmen/detailedguide/breast-cancer-in-men-key-statistics" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">100 times more common in women</a> than in men and women are at 200 times the risk of developing the disease compared to risk in men.</span></div>
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2. Most breast cancer – about 85 percent – occurs in women who have no family history of breast cancer.</span></div>
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3. About <a href="http://www.breastcancer.org/risk/factors/genetics" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">5 to 10 percent of breast cancers</a><span class="mceItemHidden" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;"> </span>can be traced to specific, inherited gene mutations, such as the <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">BRCA1</span><span class="mceItemHidden" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;"> </span>and <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">BRCA2</span> gene mutations.</span></div>
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4. Men can also get breast cancer. About 2,150 are diagnosed annually – or about <a href="http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/statistics" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">1 in 1,000 men</a>.</span></div>
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5. A woman born today has about a one in eight chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime, according to the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">National Cancer Institute</a>.</span></div>
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6. The <a href="http://www.cancer.org/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">American Cancer Society</a> estimates about 2.8 million women with a history of breast cancer live in the U.S.</span></div>
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7. While much progress has been made in breast cancer treatment and research, more work remains: Breast cancer remains the second-leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer. Overall, cancer deaths are the second most-common cause of death for U.S. women, after heart disease.</span></div>
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8. Another top risk factor for breast cancer: Simply getting older – 79 percent of new cases and 88 percent of deaths occurred in women age 50 and older, according to the American Cancer Society. Just fewer than 11,000 invasive cases occurred in women younger than 40, and just under 49,000 in women under 50. In women ages 50 to 64, invasive breast cancer was even more prevalent with more than 84,000 cases. Women over age 65 accounted for more than 99,000 cases last year.</span></div>
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9. According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer accounts for 29 percent of newly diagnosed cancers.</span></div>
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10. In the 1970s, breast cancer lifetime risk was one in 11 – compared to today’s one in eight. The good news is part of the reason is due to longer life expectancy and more detection through screening. Other factors include menopausal hormone use, changes in reproductive patterns and the increased prevalence of obesity.</span></div>
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11. The oft-repeated one in eight statistic may mean something <span class="hiddenGrammarError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">different than</span> you think. The lifetime risk for women born today of being diagnosed with breast cancer is one in eight. But lifetime risk reflects an average woman’s risk over her entire lifetime, including the possibility that she may die from another cause before she would have been diagnosed with breast cancer.</span></div>
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12. While non-Hispanic white women have higher rates of breast cancer incidence, African-American women have a higher incidence rate before age 40 and are more likely to die from breast cancer at every age.</span></div>
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13. Women who are diagnosed with cancer before age 40 have a nearly 4.5-fold increased risk of developing another breast cancer.</span></div>
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14. Women of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage are at higher risk of having <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">BRCA</span><span class="mceItemHidden" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;"> </span>mutation. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends testing for <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">BRCA</span> mutations for Ashkenazi Jewish women if they have a first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer or two second-degree relatives on the same side of the family with breast or ovarian cancer.</span></div>
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15. Not everyone needs genetic screening for breast cancer. Only about 2 percent of women meet the guidelines for screening.</span></div>
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16. Fewer than 1 percent of the general population have a <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">BRCA</span> mutation.</span></div>
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17. Research suggests breastfeeding for a year or more slightly reduces overall risk of breast cancer – about a 4.3 percent reduction for every 12 months of breastfeeding. Why? One possible explanation: Breastfeeding often interrupts periods, meaning fewer menstrual cycles and less estrogen exposure. Others suggest that the reduced risk can be credited to structural changes in the breast after lactation and weaning.</span></div>
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18. The risk of overweight women developing breast cancer after menopause is 1.5 times higher than in lean women. Obese women are at twice the risk of lean women.</span></div>
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19. <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">Herceptin</span>, a breast cancer “smart drug,” can trace its roots to City of Hope: Scientists here developed engineered human proteins that led to monoclonal antibodies, the basis of multiple cancer drugs.</span></div>
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20. The movement away from one-size-fits all screening doesn’t mean you should skip your mammogram. Talk with your physician to evaluate your personal risk of breast cancer. The American Cancer Society continues to recommend yearly mammograms beginning at age 40.</span></div>
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21. Exercise reduces breast cancer risk for women of all body types – even lean women, according to Leslie Bernstein, Ph.D., director of cancer etiology at City of Hope.</span></div>
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22. While the American Cancer Society recommends 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise per week to manage risk, for some, even 30 minutes per week has been found to be beneficial, Bernstein’s research has found.</span></div>
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23. Minimize alcohol intake to control risk. That means one glass of wine, one beer or one hard liquor drink per day. (Drinking seven drinks in one day and none the rest of the week is not OK.)</span></div>
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24. The discovery of the <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">BRCA</span> mutation and its link to breast cancer celebrates its 20th anniversary this year – the same year scientists reported in the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New England Journal of <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Medicin</span></em>e the <a href="http://breakthroughs.cityofhope.org/palb2-mutation-breast-cancer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">PALB2</span>mutation and its link to breast cancer</a>.</span></div>
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25. Only about 42 percent of women who undergo mastectomy <a href="http://breakthroughs.cityofhope.org/breast-reconstruction-breast-cancer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">choose to have reconstructive surgery</a>, according to a recent <em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">JAMA</span> Surgery</em> study.</span></div>
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26. With eight out of 10 breast lumps discovered by women themselves, don’t underestimate the importance of a monthly breast self-exam. By becoming more familiar with your breast tissue and appearance, you will be more likely to notice changes should they occur. City of Hope recommends <a href="http://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=breast-cancer-screening" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">these tips for conducting a breast self-exam</a>.</span></div>
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27. If you’ve been diagnosed with breast cancer, you’re up to four times more likely to develop a new cancer in the same breast or in the other breast.</span></div>
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28. Quit smoking to control risk of many diseases, including breast cancer. Younger women who smoke have a higher risk of breast cancer than their nonsmoking peers.</span></div>
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29. According to the National Institutes for Health, breast cancer survivors are at an<a href="http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/Conditions_Behaviors/osteoporosis_breast_cancer.asp" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"> increased risk of osteoporosis</a>. Estrogen has a protective effect on bones, and reduced estrogen levels can trigger bone loss.</span></div>
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30. Exercise is beneficial to breast cancer survivors. A <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28630/abstract;jsessionid=2C6D4FD3756768C417B79B1EACCC0B03.f04t02" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">June study in <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cancer </em></a>found only a third of survivors meet recommended activity levels.</span></div>
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31. If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, a <a href="http://breakthroughs.cityofhope.org/breast-cancer-second-opinion" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">second opinion could save your life</a>. <span class="hiddenSpellError" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-stretch: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px;">NCI-designated</span> comprehensive cancer centers, such as City of Hope, have higher rates of survival for breast cancer.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-weight: 700;">Learn more about <a href="http://www.cityofhope.org/breast-cancer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer treatment and research</a> at City of Hope.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Roboto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Learn more about becoming a patient or getting a second opinion by <a href="http://www.cityofhope.org/become-a-patient" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">visiting our website</a> or by calling </span><a href="tel:800-826-4673" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">800-826-HOPE (4673)</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">. City of Hope staff will explain what's required for a consult at City of Hope and help you determine, before you come in, whether or not your insurance will pay for the appointment.</span></span></div>
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Tags : <a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=BRCA" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">BRCA, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=PALB2" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">PALB2, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=PALB2-mutation" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">PALB2 mutation, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=breast-cancer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=breast-cancer-awareness-month" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer awareness month, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=breast-cancer-risk" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer risk, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=breast-cancer-risk-assessment" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer risk assessment, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=breast-cancer-risk-reduction" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer risk reduction, </a><a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/about-city-of-hope/news-and-media/blogs-and-publications/breakthroughs-blog&tags=breast-self-exam" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">breast self-exam</a></span></div>
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NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-25753558811228735172017-08-06T07:26:00.000+07:002023-08-27T18:35:32.324+07:00Cancer Facts & Figures 2017<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWfKALgfKWDzTHw2elMbQbXUFxsEVeJsYJxblqUT-DM3Jhqy42C0eXXP28oFBe2yXIwH1BZat-zznDwqbBQF8TlMi7izfKo7-F7ds95rmwpAKOhqw2jicdiC-LGqmr1sTARxBv-c2Cbnb/s1600/og-image.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="691" height="auto" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWfKALgfKWDzTHw2elMbQbXUFxsEVeJsYJxblqUT-DM3Jhqy42C0eXXP28oFBe2yXIwH1BZat-zznDwqbBQF8TlMi7izfKo7-F7ds95rmwpAKOhqw2jicdiC-LGqmr1sTARxBv-c2Cbnb/s640/og-image.png" width="740" /></a><br />
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This annual report provides the estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2017, as well as current cancer incidence, mortality, and survival statistics and information on cancer symptoms, risk factors, early detection, and treatment. In 2017, there will be an estimated 1,688,780 new cancer cases diagnosed and 600,920 cancer deaths in the US. <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">(<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Please note:</span>The projected numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2017 should not be compared with previous years to track cancer trends because they are model-based and vary from year to year for reasons other than changes in cancer occurrence. Age-standardized incidence and death rates should be used to measure cancer trends.)</i></div>
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<span class=" link-button component" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a class="btn btn-default btn-blue " href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/cancer-facts-and-figures-2017.pdf" style="background-color: #0858a8; background-image: none; border-radius: 0px; border: 2px solid rgb(8, 88, 168); box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: none; padding: 6px 52px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: middle;" target="_blank">DOWNLOAD CANCER FACTS & FIGURES 2017</a></span></div>
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<i style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e23; font-family: "source sans pro", sans-serif;">Cancer Facts & Figures 2017</i><span style="color: #1e1e23; font-family: "source sans pro" , sans-serif;"> is accompanied by </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21387/full" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; font-family: "source sans pro", sans-serif; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Cancer Statistics 2017</a><span style="color: #1e1e23; font-family: "source sans pro" , sans-serif;">, a scientific paper published in the American Cancer Society journal, </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e23; font-family: "source sans pro", sans-serif;">CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.</i></div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-special-section-rare-cancers-in-adults.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Cancer Facts & Figures 2017 Special Section: Rare Cancers in Adults</span></a></h2>
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In 2017, nearly 13% of all cancers diagnosed in adults ages 20 and older will be rare cancers, defined in this report as a cancer with fewer than 6 cases per 100,000 people per year. This year’s special section reviews statistics for 28 rare cancers, including incidence and mortality rates and trends, stage at diagnosis, and survival, and also provides an overview of risk factors and symptoms for select cancers. It is intended to inform anyone interested in learning more about rare cancers in adults, including policy makers, researchers, clinicians, cancer control advocates, patients, and caregivers. (Childhood and adolescent cancers are reviewed in the special section of <i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2014/special-section-cancer-in-children-and-adolescents-cancer-facts-and-figures-2014.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Cancer Facts & Figures 2014</a></i>.)</div>
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Cancer Facts & Figures 2017 Supplemental Data</span></h2>
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This supplemental data set provides the estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2017 by state for 21 cancer sites and by age group for the four major sites (lung, breast, colorectum, and prostate). Also included is the lifetime probability of developing and dying from cancer for 23 cancer types. These data can be used as a resource for cancer control planning at the state level, as well as to address questions from the media or constituents. Divisions are encouraged to share this information with staff and volunteers, and to use it with state and local officials, reporters, and other public health and advocacy groups in local communities.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/estimated-new-cases-for-the-four-major-cancers-by-sex-and-age-group-2017.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Estimated New Cases for the Four Major Cancers by Sex & Age Group, 2017 (PDF) </a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/estimated-deaths-for-the-four-major-cancers-by-sex-and-age-group-2017.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Estimated Deaths for the Four Major Cancers by Sex & Age Group, 2017 (PDF) </a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/estimated-deaths-for-selected-cancers-by-state-us-2017.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Estimated New Cases & Deaths by State for 21 Cancer Sites, 2017 (PDF) </a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/lifetime-probability-of-developing-and-dying-from-cancer-2011-2013.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Lifetime Probability of Developing & Dying from Cancer for 23 Sites, 2011-2013 (PDF) </a></li>
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Downloadable Data</span></h2>
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Download key cancer trend data from Cancer Facts & Figures 2017. Please note that all material using this data should credit the "<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2017</i>."</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/age-adjusted-cancer-death-rates-males-1930-2014.xlsx" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Trends in Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates by Site, Males, US, 1930-2014 (EXCEL)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/age-adjusted-cancer-death-rates-females-1930-2014.xlsx" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Trends in Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates by Site, Females, US, 1930-2014 (EXCEL)</a></li>
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Most Requested Tables and Figures</span></h2>
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The most requested tables and figures from Cancer Facts & Figures 2017 have been assembled in an electronic format (PDF) to make it easy for you to use them. Please note that all graphic material should credit the "<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2017</i>.”</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/trends-in-age-adjusted-cancer-death-rates-by-site-males-us-1930-2014.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Trends in Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates by Site, Males, US, 1930-2014 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/trends-in-age-adjusted-cancer-death-rates-by-site-females-us-1930-2014.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Trends in Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates by Site, Females, US, 1930-2014 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/estimated-number-of-new-cancer-cases-and-deaths-by-sex-us-2017.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Sex, US, 2017 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/estimated-number-of-new-cases-for-selected-cancers-by-state-us-2017.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Estimated Number of New Cases for Selected Cancers by State, US, 2017 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/estimated-number-of-deaths-for-selected-cancers-by-state-us-2017.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Estimated Number of Deaths for Selected Cancers by State, US, 2017 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/leading-sites-of-new-cancer-cases-and-deaths-2017-estimates.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths - 2017 Estimates (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/probability-of-developing-invasive-cancer-during-selected-age-intervals-by-sex-us-2011-2013.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Probability of Developing Invasive Cancer During Selected Age Intervals by Sex, US, 2011-2013 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/incidence-rates-for-selected-cancers-by-race-and-ethnicity-us-2009-2013.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Incidence Rates for Selected Cancers by Race and Ethnicity, US, 2009-2013 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/death-rates-for-selected-cancers-by-race-and-ethnicity-us-2010-2014.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Death Rates for Selected Cancers by Race and Ethnicity, US, 2010-2014 (PDF)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/geographic-patterns-in-lung-cancer-death-rates-by-state-us-2010-2014.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Geographic Patterns in Lung Cancer Death Rates by State, US, 2010-2014 (PDF)</a></li>
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Cancer Statistics 2017 Slide Presentation</span></h2>
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The following presentation provides an overview of current cancer statistics in the US.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2017/cancer-statistics-presentation-2017.pptx" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0858a8; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Cancer Statistics 2017 Slide Presentation (PPT) </a></li>
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<span style="color: #1e1e23;">Visit the </span><b><a href="https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #a64d79;">American Cancer Society</span></a></b><span style="color: #1e1e23;">’s Cancer Statistics Center website to explore, interact with, and share cancer statistics.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79; font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2017.html" target="_blank">READ MORE IN OUR RESEARCH PROGRAMS</a></b></span><br />
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NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-67127812150954695922017-08-06T06:59:00.003+07:002023-08-27T18:31:36.893+07:00Alternative Cancer Treatments: 10 Options To Consider<div class="by" style="color: #111111; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none; position: relative;">
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<span style="display: block; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 24px;">Alternative cancer treatments can't cure your cancer, but they may provide some relief from signs and symptoms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/welcome" style="color: #3967c1; text-decoration-line: none;"></a> <img alt="Mayo Clinic" src="https://www.mayoclinic.org/-/media/images/mayologo.ashx" /></span><a href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/welcome" style="color: #3967c1;">By Mayo Clinic Staff</a></div>
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Many people with cancer are interested in trying anything that may help them, including complementary and alternative cancer treatments. If cancer makes you feel as if you have little control over your health, alternative cancer treatments may offer some feeling of control. But many alternative cancer treatments are unproved and some may even be dangerous.</div>
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To help you sort out the good from the bad, here are 10 alternative cancer treatments that are generally safe. Plus, there is growing evidence that these 10 alternative cancer treatments may provide some benefit.</div>
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How can alternative medicine help people with cancer?</h3>
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Alternative cancer treatments may not play a direct role in curing your cancer, but they may help you cope with signs and symptoms caused by cancer and cancer treatments. Common signs and symptoms such as anxiety, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, difficulty sleeping, and stress may be lessened by alternative treatments.</div>
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Integrating the best of evidence-based complementary and alternative cancer treatments with the treatments you receive from your doctor may help relieve many of the symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment. Discuss all of your options with your doctor and together you can determine which strategies might work for you and which are likely to have no benefit.</div>
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<span>Work closely with your doctor to determine the right balance between traditional medicines and alternative cancer treatments. While complementary and alternative cancer treatments, such as acupuncture, may reduce nausea or pain, they generally aren't powerful enough to replace cancer medications from your doctor. </span><i><a href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/cancer-treatment/art-20047246" target="_blank"><span>Read more</span></a></i><br />
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NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-35026184419397446332017-08-06T03:37:00.000+07:002023-08-27T18:39:17.163+07:00Ask Cancer Care<div style="text-align: justify;">
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NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-43314008652957495822017-08-06T03:03:00.007+07:002023-08-27T18:39:17.163+07:00Living Beyond Breast Cancer<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Arial, "Nimbus Sans L", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;">
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We provide programs and services to help people whose lives have been impacted by breast cancer. Our goal is to provide information, community and support that you can trust, is easy for you to access and respectful of you and your situation. All our resources are carefully and frequently reviewed by some of the country’s leading healthcare experts and informed by people living with breast cancer.<br />
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NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-46298517447069386342017-08-06T02:04:00.002+07:002023-08-29T11:50:24.894+07:00Ask The Experts<div style="background-color: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
Ask an Expert is a free question-and-answer service about breast cancer and breast health. If you have a question or comment, please use the form below. Either Lillie Shockney, R.N. or another medical professional at the Breast Center will respond to your request within one week. Before submitting your question, please search the existing topics using the search tool at the top of the page. It's quite possible that one of our many existing topics already addresses your question.</div>
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<tr><td style="font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b><b>If you would like a consultation with a breast specialist at the Johns Hopkins Avon Foundation Breast Center, call 888-992-1625.</b> It is possible to get an appointment for a second opinion within a few days of contacting us.<br />
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NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-58656607723068844992017-08-05T11:17:00.003+07:002023-08-29T22:29:37.203+07:00Complications Uncommon After Single or Double Mastectomy<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxrq8UyuD_doUPAVUb7UaL-rLZJdmS7R-mBB8q9ApA3eDGNjpGROlyUwUcLuhJ6Cw9TZ8JYkWhvRP1teNcXaQcPUSi301B540mQw-T5uuL12oqc6k1P4KrsygY4bTO87VQw2nLesLF6h6OaASgs39Gxi3WSOr82PzcEt64a0k7zfOdr2iT_cT_1dgkqgEj/s1600/surgerrrr.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 0em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxrq8UyuD_doUPAVUb7UaL-rLZJdmS7R-mBB8q9ApA3eDGNjpGROlyUwUcLuhJ6Cw9TZ8JYkWhvRP1teNcXaQcPUSi301B540mQw-T5uuL12oqc6k1P4KrsygY4bTO87VQw2nLesLF6h6OaASgs39Gxi3WSOr82PzcEt64a0k7zfOdr2iT_cT_1dgkqgEj/s1600/surgerrrr.jpg"/></a></div>
<br /><header style="border-bottom: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.46667em;"><ul class="topics-tags-list" style="line-height: 1.46667em; list-style: none; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="font-size: 0.933333em; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: 0.933333em; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.46667em; text-transform: uppercase;">TOPIC:</b><span style="font-size: 0.933333em;"> </span><a class="rn-topic" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis" style="font-size: 0.933333em; line-height: 1.46667em;">Diagnosis</a><span style="font-size: 0.933333em;">, </span><a class="rn-topic" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/surgery" style="font-size: 0.933333em; line-height: 1.46667em;">Surgery</a><span style="font-size: 0.933333em;">, and </span><a class="rn-topic" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/planning-your-treatment" style="font-size: 0.933333em; line-height: 1.46667em;">Planning Your Treatment</a></li>
<li style="font-size: 0.933333em; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.46667em; text-transform: uppercase;">TAGS:</b> <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=23" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Early-stage: Stage 0 -- DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma in Situ)</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=24" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Early-stage: Stage IA</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=25" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Early-stage: Stage IB</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=26" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Early-stage: Stage IIA</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=27" style="line-height: 1.46667em; outline: 0px;">Early-stage: Stage IIB</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=28" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Early-stage: Stage IIIA</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=33" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Ductal Carcinoma In Situ</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=36" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Invasive or Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/diagnosis?tag_ids=37" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Invasive or Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/planning-your-treatment?tag_ids=315" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Planning/Considering Surgery</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/surgery?tag_ids=346" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Mastectomy</a>, <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/surgery?tag_ids=354" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Planning/Considering Surgery</a>, and <a class="rn-tag" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/surgery?tag_ids=347" style="line-height: 1.46667em; text-decoration-line: none;">Prophylactic Mastectomy</a></li>
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Some women who’ve been diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in one breast choose to have that breast and the other healthy breast removed. Removing the other healthy breast is called contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. So while a woman has cancer in just one breast, she has a double mastectomy.</span></div>
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The healthy breast is usually removed because of an understandable fear that a new, second breast cancer might develop in that breast. Statistics show that more and more women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in one breast are choosing to have the breast affected by cancer as well as the other healthy breast removed.</span></div>
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Because more women are opting to have both breasts removed, researchers wanted to see if women who had double mastectomy had more complications or different types of complications than women who had single mastectomy.</span></div>
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A study suggests that complications are uncommon after single or double mastectomy and immediate reconstruction, though women who had double mastectomy did have more complications than women who had single mastectomy. The research was presented on Sept. 4, 2014 at the 2014 ASCO Breast Conference in San Francisco. Read the abstract of <a href="http://abstracts.asco.org/151/AbstView_151_136941.html" style="color: #880088; line-height: 1.46667em;">“A NSQIP analysis of 30-day complications after bilateral versus unilateral mastectomy with immediate reconstruction.”</a></span></div>
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In the study, the researchers looked at information from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. The NSQIP database includes information from 400 hospitals on outcomes of surgeries.</span></div>
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The researchers looked at the records of 11,727 women who had single mastectomy and 6,502 women who had double mastectomy from 2005 to 2012. All the women had immediate reconstruction. This means that breast reconstruction was done during the same operation right after surgery to remove one or both breasts.</span></div>
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About 80% of women who had single mastectomy had reconstruction using an implant and about 90% of the women who had double mastectomy had implant reconstruction.</span></div>
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Overall, the women had few complications.</span></div>
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Certain complications happened more often in women who had double mastectomy, including:</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">needing to have the implant removed or replaced</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">needing to have another operation</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">needing to have a transfusion after reconstruction with an implant</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">needing to have a transfusion after reconstruction with tissue from someplace else in the body (autologous reconstruction)</span></li>
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The rate of severe complications was about the same in both groups (less than 1%). Severe complications included:</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">heart attack</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">pneumonia</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">kidney failure</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">stroke</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">urinary tract infection</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">blood clots</span></li>
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“Complications after mastectomy with reconstruction are infrequent,” said Mark Sisco, M.D., of NorthShore University HealthSystem, at a briefing discussing the study. “Double mastectomy results in more surgical complications than single mastectomy. Women with breast cancer should consider these factors when deciding whether to undergo double mastectomy.”</span></div>
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Still, if you are at a higher-than-average risk of breast cancer because:</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">you know you have an abnormal gene linked to breast cancer, including <em style="line-height: 1.46667em;">BRCA1</em>, <em style="line-height: 1.46667em;">BRCA2</em>, or <em style="line-height: 1.46667em;">PALB2</em></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.46667em; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">you have a strong family history of breast cancer among more than one first-degree relative, such as a mother, sister, or daughter</span></li>
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then a double mastectomy might make sense for you.</span></div>
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Women who don’t have either of these factors that increase risk are very unlikely to develop a second breast cancer in the other healthy breast. (Their risk is 1% or less per year.)</span></div>
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Some doctors are concerned that too many women are choosing to have contralateral prophylactic mastectomy during or shortly after breast cancer surgery because they overestimate their risk of future breast cancer. Double mastectomy is a bigger operation. It’s associated with a more difficult recovery and more complications.</span></div>
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If you've been diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in one breast, ask your doctor about ALL of your treatment and risk reduction options. Double mastectomy is only one of these options and is an aggressive step. While that may be the right decision for you, give yourself the time you need to consider your decision carefully. Talk to your doctor to make sure that your decisions are based on your actual risk. Ask your doctor about how the cancer details in your pathology report may affect your future risk. Together, you and your doctor can make the decisions that are best for you and your unique situation. <i><a href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/complications-uncommon-after-mastectomy" target="_blank">Read more details</a></i></span></div>
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Source: <a href="http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/complications-uncommon-after-mastectomy" target="_blank">breascancer.org</a></span></div>
NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-16669959972033334052017-08-05T11:15:00.004+07:002023-08-27T18:24:41.061+07:00Patient's Rights<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhykNhWL84ekcrwCp9HpFEvuR898KYscjibRKf1E1XkOLmZSLd07hvgptuQ-0n1vK5ZQmF2aqEE3At1fJXC4tpKe801JVVCVfQPxoAhVtcnwKDi1jFatmxmdvaNUq9EmdbSnarD1QMC03s/s1600/Logo-WHO.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="800" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhykNhWL84ekcrwCp9HpFEvuR898KYscjibRKf1E1XkOLmZSLd07hvgptuQ-0n1vK5ZQmF2aqEE3At1fJXC4tpKe801JVVCVfQPxoAhVtcnwKDi1jFatmxmdvaNUq9EmdbSnarD1QMC03s/s320/Logo-WHO.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Formalized in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes “the inherent dignity” and the “equal and unalienable rights of all members of the human family”. And it is on the basis of this concept of the person, and the fundamental dignity and equality of all human beings, that the notion of patient rights was developed. In other words, what is owed to the patient as a human being, by physicians and by the state, took shape in large part thanks to this understanding of the basic rights of the person.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Patients' rights vary in different countries and in different jurisdictions, often depending upon prevailing cultural and social norms. Different models of the patient-physician relationship—which can also represent the citizen-state relationship—have been developed, and these have informed the particular rights to which patients are entitled. In North America and Europe, for instance, there are at least four models which depict this relationship: the paternalistic model, the informative model, the interpretive model, and the deliberative model. Each of these suggests different professional obligations of the physician toward the patient. For instance, in the paternalistic model, the best interests of the patient as judged by the clinical expert are valued above the provision of comprehensive medical information and decision-making power to the patient. The informative model, by contrast, sees the patient as a consumer who is in the best position to judge what is in her own interest, and thus views the doctor as chiefly a provider of information. There continues to be enormous debate about how best to conceive of this relationship, but there is also growing international consensus that all patients have a fundamental right to privacy, to the confidentiality of their medical information, to consent to or to refuse treatment, and to be informed about relevant risk to them of medical procedures.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been instrumental in enshrining the notion of human dignity in international law, providing a legal and moral grounding for improved standards of care on the basis of our basic responsibilities towards each other as members of the “human family”, and giving important guidance on critical social, legal and ethical issues. But there remains a great deal of work to be done to clarify the relationship between human rights and right to health, including patient rights. Recognizing this challenge, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNHCR) has designated a Special Rapporteur to provide it with a report that examines and clarifies the broader relationship between human rights and the right to health. This report has great importance for the World Health Organization, whose mission is to ensure “health for all”. Grounding this mission in a fundamental human right to health would be an important milestone, and a great step forward realizing this goal.</span></div>
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Genomics and patients' rights</span></h4>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Genomics, like any new approach or technology, presents its own challenges in assuring the protection of basic rights. Despite variations in local legislation and administration of patients' rights, it is important in the case of genomics, as with any other medical intervention, that patients receive treatment consistent with the dignity and respect they are owed as human beings. This means providing, at minimum, equitable access to quality medical care, ensuring patients’ privacy and the confidentiality of their medical information, informing patients and obtaining their consent before employing a medical intervention, and providing a safe clinical environment.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Genomics-based research and genetic technologies raise concerns, however, in relation to several of these issues. For instance, ensuring the confidentiality of genetic information, given its bearing on the health of relatives and sometimes of communities, presents a particular challenge, as does communicating genetic risk, which often involves probabilities rather than certainties. Genetic information is often seen as having a peculiar importance, and so can provide fodder for unfair discrimination of individuals and groups who have particular “genetically determined” conditions. Individuals may therefore have reservations about the use of genetic information by third parties and possible harm that could result, including the denial of health or life insurance, opportunities for education and employment, as well as in some cases financial loan eligibility. Because genomic-based research often occurs at the population level—as with genebanks and pharmacogenomics, for instance—obtaining authentic informed consent may be difficult, as it is not always clear what uses genetic material may be put to in the future, in light of unanticipated technological developments. All of this makes it imperative that health care providers and genetic counsellors be carefully trained, in order that they can provide appropriate information, guidance and support to patients and their families. These issues, among other, are addressed in greater detail in the section of this web-site that addresses the ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) of human genomics.</span></div>
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Education, policy and protecting basic rights</span></h4>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Assuring that the rights of patients are protected requires more than educating policy makers and health providers; it requires educating citizens about what they should expect from their governments and their health care providers—about the kind of treatment and respect they are owed. Citizens, then, can have an important part to play in elevating the standard of care when their own expectations of that care are raised. Some countries have recognized this, and have advanced their knowledge of genomics in public, academic and scientific spheres. Some follow democratic procedures to vote on resolutions pertaining to genomics. This knowledge and active engagement empowers lay individuals to make informed decisions about the future of genomics, both at the personal and at the policy level. Switzerland is the only country that has made a vote on genetic engineering in the future, with nearly two-thirds of its population voting against a referendum to ban genetic engineering. Countries that have not made an active effort to educate and inform the public on the implications of genomics impede the development of policies and legislation that can protect patient rights by ensuring the appropriate development and application of genomic-based tools and genetic interventions. The creation of effective patient protection laws relies on public knowledge of genetic science and its applications, along with an awareness of the ethical, social, and legal issues surrounding genomics.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raising awareness of genomics and genetic services and technologies among the general public and patient populations can lead to fruitful advancement of genomics for broad health benefits. In the 2002 Genomics and World Health Report, the WHO Advisory Committee on Health Research (ACHR) strongly recommended that Member States implement educational programmes aimed to raise awareness of genetics among the public. Member States are also encouraged to facilitate a two-way dialogue between the public and policy makers in order to guide the future development of ethical and regulatory systems of clinical practice.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In light of the present need for increased awareness of human rights as they relate to health, and to patient rights more particularly, this section provides information on the rights of patients in various countries, including examples of exercised rights. Links to human rights organizations are also provided.</span></div>
<h4 class="section_head2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 20px 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">
Sources</span></h4>
<ul class="list_dash" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; list-style: outside none; margin: 0px 20px 12px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/349/6/562" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Genomic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine (2003)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.who.int/gb/EB_WHA/PDF/EB111/eeb11112.pdf?ua=1" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Genomics and World Health Report (2002)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.who.int/idhl/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">International Digest of Health Legislation, WHO</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948-1998)</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h4 class="section_head2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 20px 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">
International / multinational patient rights documents</span></h4>
<ul class="list_dash" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; list-style: outside none; margin: 0px 20px 12px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf?ua=1" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Declaration of Alma-Ata, International Conference on Primary Health Care (1978)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ca006c;"><a class="link_media" href="http://www.who.int/entity/genomics/public/eu_declaration1994.pdf?ua=1" style="background-image: url("../../img/icon_media_download.gif"); background-position: 4px 3px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Declaration on the Promotion of Patients' Rights in Europe</span></a> <a class="link_media" href="http://www.who.int/entity/genomics/public/eu_declaration1994.pdf?ua=1" style="background-image: url("../../img/icon_media_download.gif"); background-position: 4px 3px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="link_info" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f, 159kb</span></a></span></div></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.who.dk/AboutWHO/Policy/20010927_5" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Ljubljana Charter on Reforming Health Care (1996)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.unesco.org/shs/human_rights/hrbc.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, UNESCO (1997)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/164.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Biomedicine: Convention of Human Rights and Biomedicine, Council of Europe (1997)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.who.dk/document/e69119.pdf" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient's Rights and Citizen's Empowerment: Through Visions to Reality (1999)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.social.coe.int/en/qoflife/recomm/R(00)5.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Council of Europe: Recommendations – Health and Quality of Life (2000)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/biotech/" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Human Rights and Biotechnology (2002)</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h4 class="section_head2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 20px 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">
National documents on patients' rights</span></h4>
<ul class="list_dash" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; list-style: outside none; margin: 0px 20px 12px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://waml.haifa.ac.il/index/reference/legislation/belgium/belgium1.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">International Digest of Health Legislation (Belgium)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://waml.haifa.ac.il/index/reference/legislation/denmark/denmark1.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">International Digest of Health Legislation, 50 (1) (Denmark, Turkey, Lithuania)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://waml.haifa.ac.il/index/reference/legislation/denmark/denmark2.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">International Digest of Health Legislation, 50 (1) (Denmark, Lithuania, and Turkey)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=mesx01000921" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Le Service Public de L’Accès au Droit (France)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.ha.org.hk/charter/pceng.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient’s Charter (Hong Kong)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.szoszolo.hu/53/rights_and_obligations_of_healthcare_workers.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Rights and Obligations of Healthcare Workers (Hungary)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.szoszolo.hu/54/how_to_enforce_patients.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">How to Enforce Patients’ Rights (Hungary)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.szoszolo.hu/54/patient_advocacy_according.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient Advocacy According to Act CLIV of 1997 on Health (Hungary)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://waml.haifa.ac.il/index/reference/legislation/israel/israel1.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient’s Rights Act, 1996 (Israel)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.patient-rights.or.jp/" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patients’ Rights Ombudsman (Japan)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www3.lrs.lt/c-bin/eng/preps2?Condition1=111935&Condition2=" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage to their Health (Lithuania)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.mma.org.my/charters/patient_right.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient’s Rights (Malaysia)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.mma.org.my/charters/patient_responsibilities.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient’s Responsibilities (Malaysia)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.mma.org.my/charters/patient.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">The Patient’s Charter (Malaysia)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.mma.org.my/charters/patient_responsibilities.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient’s Responsibilities (Malaysia)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/legislation/patientsright/chartere.html" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">The Patients’ Rights Charter (South Africa)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/consultations/health/prrc-00.asp" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Patient Rights and Responsibilities: A Draft for Consultation (Scotland)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.royalmarsden.org/patientinfo/patients_charter.asp" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">The Royal Marsden Hospital Patients’ Charter (United Kingdom)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.nhs.uk/nhsguide/nhs_guide.pdf" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Your Guide to the National Health System (United Kingdom)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.med.umich.edu/irbmed/ethics/hippocratic/hippocratic.html" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">The Hippocratic Oath (USA)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.med.howard.edu/ethics/handouts/american_nurses_association_code.htm" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">American Nurses Association Code of Ethics (USA)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.hospitalconnect.com/aha/about/pbillofrights.html" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">American Hospital Association Patient’s Bill of Rights (USA)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t960730b.html" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Testimony on Access to Medical Treatment Act (USA)</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/rights/rights.html" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Mental Health Patient’s Bill of Rights (USA)</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h4 class="section_head2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 20px 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">
Human rights organizations and documents</span></h4>
<ul class="list_dash" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; list-style: outside none; margin: 0px 20px 12px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.amnesty.org/" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Amnesty International</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.hri.ca/organizations/" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Human Rights Organizations Database</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.hrw.org/" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Human Rights Watch</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.phrusa.org/" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">Physicians for Human Rights</span></a></li>
<li style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="link_external" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/" style="background-image: url("../../img/who_sprite.gif"); background-position: 100% -488px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_new"><span style="color: #ca006c; font-family: Roboto;">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Roboto;">Source: <a href="http://www.who.int/genomics/public/patientrights/en/" target="_blank">WHO - World Health Organization</a> </span></span></div>
NShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09418786848853579258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5774387430887648786.post-23541108057331543682017-08-04T14:10:00.015+07:002023-08-27T18:28:35.205+07:00What Is Cancer?<div class="separator" style="clear: both;display:none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIck_CD5a_6RwxTXoSliYyTJ9-98IDS6dvsR452tMzmEzVlc2rkNmWWdpdDIKAUUj2iXnZSCIYMxcyg6DtlUv5ubUtd7E8JN2o8_BKhYAKd9Do-IdD4CtaD73Ph_-7w5lOZc-hvlTeAooRdJyLB5CXmXWdpolwO03PDyS35tVj6iFOU-7xEt0dwF14oQ=w1005-rw" style="display: block; padding: 0em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="669" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIck_CD5a_6RwxTXoSliYyTJ9-98IDS6dvsR452tMzmEzVlc2rkNmWWdpdDIKAUUj2iXnZSCIYMxcyg6DtlUv5ubUtd7E8JN2o8_BKhYAKd9Do-IdD4CtaD73Ph_-7w5lOZc-hvlTeAooRdJyLB5CXmXWdpolwO03PDyS35tVj6iFOU-7xEt0dwF14oQ=w1005-rw"/></a></div>
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